Chapter 11 APUSH Mrs. Price

1. Chapter 11APUSHMrs. Price “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” – Abraham Lincoln

2. Southern Economy • Shift to Cotton • Most important economic development • Short-staple cotton

3. Shift in Economic Power: Lower South • Upper South: relied on tobacco (unstable market) • Coastal South: relied on rice (irrigation, long growing season) • Gulf Coast: sugar (heavy competition)

4. Southern Agriculture

5. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

6. In 1820s: cotton production spread rapidly • By 1850s: most important Southern crop • Dominated deep south & prompted population migration

7. Other Economic Development • Textile & Iron manufacturing - Insignificant compared to agriculture - Upper south • Everything linked to plantation economy

8. Inadequate Transportation System • Little investment in internal improvements • Few canals, roads unsuitable • Railroads expanded in 1840s-1850s; most lines short & local • Principal means of transportation: water

9. Some warned of unequal relationship between North & South • James B.D. DeBow

10. Why was the South so different? • Profitability of agriculture • Southerners had capital invested in land & slaves • Other arguments (climate, work habits)

11. White Society in the South • Planter Class • Small Farmers • The Poor

12. Planter Class • Whites who owned 40-50 slaves & 800+ acres • Controlled political, economic, & social life

13. A Real Georgia Plantation

14. Small Farmers • “Plain Folk” • Owned few slaves; ¾ owned none • Planted subsistence or small cash crops • “Hill people”: backcountry, did not support secession

15. Chart: Total Deaths % OF SOUTHERN WHITE FAMILIES OWNING SLAVES IN 1860 % About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more---25% (Number of slaves) Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….

16. Chart/slave owners FACTS ON SLAVERY • Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of slaves. • 75% owned 1 to 9 slaves. • 22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves. • 3% owned 50 or more slaves. 384,000 1860

17. The Poor • 500,000 in 1850 • Lived on marginal lands • Few owned lands

18. Free Blacks • 1861: 250,000 in South • Mostly in VA & MD • Bought freedom or set free by masters • 1833: laws changed & it became more difficult to set free slaves (after Turner Rebellion)

19. Slavery • Isolated South from rest of American society • Slave codes: regulated slavery (enforcement was spotty) - Could not teach them to read or write - Could not congregate after dark - Could not own a firearm

20. Picture/Cotton Kingdom FACTS ON SLAVERY • No political or civil rights to protect slaves • U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 • U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply • Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. • Cotton is King/King Cotton • South was not willing to change • Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.

21. 2 Systems of Slave Labor • Task System - Rice • Gang System - Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar

22. Life of Slaves • Were given food & clothing • Lived in cabins • High death rate • Financial incentive to protect slaves (importation banned) • Used hired labor for dangerous tasks

23. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

24. Slave Accoutrements Slave MasterBrands Slave muzzle

25. Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC Slave shoes

26. Slaves in Cities • Hired out as laborers or worked in textile mills • Slavery in cities declined as cities grew

27. Slave Trade • Markets: New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, & Natchez • $500 – 1700 for a good field hand • Illegal smuggling continued until 1850s

28. Slave Resistance • Dominant response: adaptation & resistance • Running away (The Underground Railroad) • refusal to work hard, acts of sabotage, stealing

29. Map/Underground RR • The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through most of the North by 1830. • One estimate places the number of African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000. • Underground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to Canada • Violated the Fugitive Slave Law

30. Map/Underground RR

31. Slave Revolts • 1800: Gabriel Prosser - Richmond, VA - plan to seize arsenal thwarted • 1822: Denmark Vesey - Charleston, SC - planned uprising discovered

32. Nat Turner (1831) • Southampton County, VA • Slave preacher tried to begin a slave uprising • Armed revolt; killed 60 whites • Lasted 2 days • 3,000+ of state militia were sent to put down the rebellion • Over 100 blacks were executed; Turner was captured 6 weeks later

33. Slave Revolts/Turner SLAVE REVOLTS Arrest of Nat Turner Tree Nat Turner was hung on Nat Turner Rebellion

34. Slave Culture • Language & music important • Way of coping with enslavement • Religion – developed own version of Christianity - more emotional - emphasized dream of freedom & deliverance