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Basic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry. Chemistry:. Chemistry is the science of matter. Scientists study chemicals, their properties, and REACTIONS (rxn). BIOCHEMISTRY is the chemistry of living things. . Water:. most chemical rxns occur only in water (universal solvent) 90% or more of cells is H2O

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Basic Chemistry

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  1. Basic Chemistry

  2. Chemistry: • Chemistry is the science of matter. • Scientists study chemicals, their properties, and REACTIONS (rxn). • BIOCHEMISTRY is the chemistry of living things.

  3. Water: • most chemical rxns occur only in water (universal solvent) • 90% or more of cells is H2O • essential to life • Solutions are made up of the • Solute: • Solvent:

  4. Elements • most simple substance of matter • cannot be broken down • ex. Fe. O, Mg, Na

  5. Valence Electrons: • outermost electrons • (carry negative charge) • responsible for bonding • goal: to have a full valence energy level

  6. Boxes on the Periodic Table • Each box on the PT contains the following information: • Atomic number = • Atomic Mass = • Atomic Symbol = • # of protons = • #of neutrons = • # of electrons = 6 C 12.001

  7. Compound • Chemically bonding of 2 or more elements formed by: • Ionic Bonds: • Covalent Bonds • Polar Bonds • Hydrogen Bonds

  8. Ionic Bond: • transfer of valence e- • Forms between a metal and a nonmetal • Ex. KI  Potassium Iodide

  9. Covalent bond: • Forms between 2 nonmetals • Ex. CO = Carbon Monoxide • Equal Sharing of Valence electrons

  10. Polar Bonds • between covalent and ionic bonds • unequal sharing of the valence electrons • have slightly positive and slightly negative ends • Ex. Water!!

  11. Adhesion and Cohesion • Water is attracted to other water. • This is called cohesion. • Water can also be attracted to other materials. • This is called adhesion.

  12. Surface Tension • the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

  13. Capillary Action • Capillary action however, is related to the adhesive properties of water. • water molecules are attracted to the straw molecules.

  14. Hydrogen Bonds : • Weaker bonds than ionic and covalent • Allow for large biological molecules • Ex. Proteins • DNA • Bonds water molecules together

  15. Acid and Bases: • Are ionized • Can conduct electrical current • Located throughout the body • Ex. Mouth, stomach

  16. Acid : Acids: • Have extra H+ ions • Have a sour taste • Have a low pH (between 1 – 5)

  17. Bases: Bases: • Have OH- ions • Have a slippery feel • Have a high pH (b/w 8-12)

  18. pH Scale: • Based on the # of H ion present

  19. Buffers: • keep its pH constant • resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to them. • In the body proteins act as a buffer, ex. Blood

  20. Neutralization: • Combing an Acids with a base • results is neither an acid or a base. • H+ form the acid and the OH- form the base combine to form water • Ex. HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O acid + base  salt + water

  21. Acid , Base Indicators: • Phenolphthalein (base only) • pH paper (both) • Universal Indicator Solution (Both) • Litmus paper (either) • Red • Blue

  22. Litmus paper:

  23. pH paper:

  24. Universal Indicator Solution:

  25. Phenolphthalein: Clear in the presence of an acid Pink in a base

  26. Inorganic chemistry: • compound usually does not contain carbon or hydrogen

  27. Organic Chemistry: • the compounds usually found in Living or once living things • contains carbon and hydrogen • most common elements in living things are: • C, H, O, N, P • Carbon is often referred to as the element of LIFE ***CHANGES ON THIS SLIDE***

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