CH 13 The Spread of Chinese Civilization

1. CH 13The Spread of ChineseCivilization Japan, Korea and Vietnam

2. “sinicization” • In general contexts, Sinicization refers to the process of "becoming Chinese"

3. Borrowing from the neighbors • Japan has always looked to China as an influence • During 7th to 9th centuries this was intense • Taika reforms tried to make Japanese government more like China

4. Intellectuals and aristocrats absorbed Chinese culture • The common people looked to Buddhism for comfort • The Taika reforms were resisted by the aristocracy • After a takeover attempt the Taika reforms were abandoned, local lords started their own armies

5. The Heian Era- Court Life • A new capital was started at Kyoto • There were strict rules for life • Poetry flourished, Chinese script was modified • Women were very involved in court life

6. Lady MurasakiThe Tale of Genji • This was the first novel published anywhere, it is a story of love and intrigue in the Imperial court

7. The Decline of Imperial Power • Aristocratic families began to take more and more control • Fujiwara family came to dominate • Peasants and artisans lost even more power

8. The Warrior Elite • Warrior leaders (BUSHI) governed and taxed their lands for themselves, not the court • They created their own armies- SAMURAI “one who serves”

18. By 11th century samurai were widespread • The warrior code valued honor and courage above all • Seppuku (ritual suicide) was considered the way to maintain honor in defeat

19. Peasants lost even more power • They became serfs • They could not move up in class • Many looked to pure land Buddhism for comfort

20. Declining influence of China • By 838 the Japanese cut ties with Tang China • The Gempei wars caused great suffering • The Minamoto emerged victorious • Military govt. (Bakufu) established at Kamakura • Japan became a feudal state

21. After the Minamoto the Hojo family came to power (Shogun) • The emperor and Minamoto became puppet rulers • Civil wars followed for 10 years • Japan broke into 300 competing states run by warlords (Daimyos)

22. TOMOE GOZEN

24. Comparing Japanese and European Feudalism • Both rose due to weak central governments. • Both were based on mutual obligations and military needs • There were differences- In Japan family and social bonds were very strong • Losing in battle was the worst disgrace

25. Military divisions/ Social Change • 15th and 16th century Warfare became deadlier and constant • Daimyos gained more power, the economy grew. • A new class of wealthy merchants emerged. • Women lost almost all power with rare exceptions

26. KOREA

27. Korea • The Tang ruled Korea till 668,remained independent till early 20th century • During Silla alliance period China had its greatest influence • Art, learning and manufacture were borrowed

28. Some Koreans studies for Confucian exams, but most jobs were determined by family connections • Most of Korean society was dominated by a small aristocratic elite • All groups below them served them- ‘low born’ virtual slaves

29. Periodic revolts • The burdens on the commoners caused periodic revolts • A century of conflict till YI dynasty established in 1392 • Maintained ties with China • It lasted till 1910

30. SOUTHEAST ASIA VIETNAM

31. Southeast Asia - Vietnam • China pushed south into their territory • Viet people resisted the Chinese, they had a strong culture and were far from the Chinese center • They took what they wanted from Chinese culture

32. The Han dynasty demanded tribute, later they conquered and ruled directly • Viets were sent to school in China • There were some revolts, peasants never wanted Chinese control • Trung sisters led a revolt in 39 C.E.

33. "All the male heroes bowed their heads in submission;
Only the two sisters proudly stood up to avenge the country."
15th century Poem

34. The great distance from China helped • By 939 Korea was independent • Local scholar gentry never had the same power as in China • Locals Viet officials favored the peasants and village rulers instead of the ruling dynasty

35. Struggle for Control • Two main powers • Trihn- centered in Hanoi • Nguyen- centered in Hue • Fought for 200 years

36. Summary • Japan, Korea and Vietnam were influenced most because they had large farming centers • Writing, bureaucracy, religion, art were all influenced China • Each culture was mixed in how much they borrowed

37. Korea- political submission and cultural dependence • Vietnam- conquest and control for a 1000 years • Japan escaped direct rule, but Japan adopted many aspects of Chinese arts and government, then modified them