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The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Transforming Thought in Europe and Beyond

This overview details the paradigm shift during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, where traditional beliefs based on ancient and biblical teachings were challenged. Key figures like Copernicus and Galileo redefined astronomy, leading to new scientific methods. The Church's reaction exemplified resistance to change, as seen in Galileo’s trial. Enlightenment thinkers like Hobbes and Locke sparked ideas of governance and social contract, laying foundations for modern democracy and nationalism. This period marked a profound shift towards reason, observation, and progress in society.

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The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Transforming Thought in Europe and Beyond

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  1. Unit 4 – Expansion of Thought MWH-5.1, 5.2

  2. I. What’s Really Out There • Before the Scientific Revolution ideas were based on: • Ancient Greeks and Romans. • Biblical teachings of the Church • Columbus sailed using Ptolemy’s map (drawn in 150 AD) • Europeans began to question everything

  3. II. Astronomy • Nicolaus Copernicus • In early 1500s concluded that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric) • Instead of the Sun around the Earth (geocentric) • Didn’t report his findings until right before his death • Feared reprisals from the Church • Johannes Kepler confirmed Copernicus using math • Finds planets travel in ellipses

  4. II. Astronomy • Galileo Galilei • Invented the 1st telescope • Studied the planets • Other scientists began to use observation and questioning to see the world • Scientific Method

  5. III. Church Reaction • Church was extremely powerful at the beginning of the Sci. Rev. • New science went against Church teachings • Heliocentric vs Geocentric • Going against the Church made it look weak • Church officials feared questioning 1 teaching might lead to more

  6. III. Church Reaction • Galileo used his telescope and his observations went against the Church • Tried as a heretic • One who goes against the teachings of a church • He was not excommunicated, but was found guilty • He was ordered to deny his claims • Spent the rest his life on house arrest but his ideas continued to spread

  7. I. Enlightenment • Cultural movement in Europe & US to reform society and improve knowledge • New ideas in many areas • Based on ideals from Scientific Rev.

  8. II. Political Thought • Thomas Hobbes • People form a social contract w/gov’t • They give up their rights to that gov’t • Gov’t provides order and security • John Locke • All people have the right to life, liberty, & property • Gov’t’s job is to protect these rights • People should overthrow a gov’t that failed to do so

  9. II. Political Thought • Strong influence on the American and French Revolutions • Three other outcomes: • Helps spread the idea of progress • People thought it was possible to make society better • Western society became more secular

  10. II. Political Thought • Some thought best gov’t was a monarch who respected the people • Known as an enlightened despot • Tried to influence rulers with mild success • Frederick the Great (Prussia) gave some rights but continued serfdom • Many thought democracy was best • Especially individual rights

  11. III. Social Equality • All members of society have equal treatment, opportunity, & access to resources • Politically, this means equal rights • Economically, this means spreading wealth • Some say connected b/c income inequalities mean no real equality • Too many factors for equality or should society minimize inequities

  12. IV. Constitutionalism • Concept that gov’t doesn’t derive power from itself but from a written set of laws that only gives the gov’t certain powers • Opposite of: • Monarchy – king or queen • Theocracy – derived from set of religious beliefs • Dictatorship – will of one person

  13. IV. Constitutionalism • Leads to limited gov’t • Gov’t cannot act against the constitution • ALL people have to follow the rules • US Constitution used Enlightenment ideas from: • Montesquieu – separation of powers (3 branches) • Locke – power belongs to the people • Voltaire – freedom of speech and religion • CesareBeccaria – fair justice system

  14. V. Nationalism • Love and loyalty to one’s nation • Nationality • Ethnicity • Language • Culture • History • Religion • People that share those usually want their own nation

  15. V. Nationalism • United States felt this • British colonies grew • They had self-government • People began to see themselves less like British subjects • Declared their independence • Fought American Revolution

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