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MAP Objectives:

MAP im Rheintal ---- Was wurde gemacht? Was hat es gebracht? Hans Richner Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima ETH Zurich. MAP Objectives:

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MAP Objectives:

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  1. MAP im Rheintal----Was wurde gemacht?Was hat es gebracht?Hans RichnerInstitut für Atmosphäre und KlimaETH Zurich Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  2. MAP Objectives: 1a To improve the understanding of orographically influenced precipitation events and related flooding episodes involving deep convection, frontal precipitation and runoff. 1b To improve the numerical prediction of moist processes over and in the vicinity of complex topography, including interactions with land-surface processes. 2a To improve the understanding and forecasting of the life-cycle of Foehn-related phenomena, including their three-dimensional structure and associated boundary layer processes. 2b To improve the understanding of three-dimensional gravity wave breaking and associated wave drag in order to improve the parametrization of gravity wave drag effects in numerical weather prediction and climate models. 3 To provide data sets for the validation and improvement of high-resolution numerical weather prediction, hydrological and coupled models in mountainous terrain. 2a To improve the understanding and forecasting of the life-cycle of Foehn-related phenomena, including their three-dimensional structure and associated boundary layer processes. Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  3. Brenner Target Area 2a To improve the understanding and forecasting of the life-cycle of Foehn-related phenomena, including their three-dimensional structure and associated boundary layer processes. Rhine Valley Target Area Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  4. FORM: FOehn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: the composite observing system • gather data necessary for treating objectives defined • as dense as possible • precise in-situ measurements (sporadic) combined with • (maybe less accurate) continuous remote sensing • provide near-real-time data for mission planning • provide quick-look data to researchers Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  5. FORM: Participating Institutes A: Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Wien Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Wien Umweltinstitut (Luftreinhaltung) des Landes Vorarlberg, Bregenz F: LMD CNRS/ENS/X/UPMC, Paris Laboratoire d'Aérologie CNRS/UPS, Toulouse D: Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe CH: MeteoSchweiz, Zürich MeteoSuisse, Payerne Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie, ETH Zürich Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima, ETH Zürich Observatoire Neuchâtel Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen ad-hoc Einheit der Wetterdienste der Armee Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  6. Upper-air and remote sensing 8 radio sondes 2 windprofilers 5 sodars 2 lidars 2 scintillometers constant volume balloons 1 tethered balloon aircraft Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  7. Surfacestations “conventional”: ~40 operational 14 additional instrumented car (traverses) instrumented cable car surface flux instrumentation Coordination Center Bad Ragaz headquarter of military troops coordination center for all scientificactivity in Rhine Valley communication center data collection center Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  8. Dominique Ruffieux Heinz Berger MeteoSwiss, Payerne station Julier Pass purpose: gather information on upstream conditions surface station surface flux wind profiler sodar radiosonde station Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  9. ad-hoc weather unit Swiss Army 55 days 1309 soundings 300 persons 5058 man-days 80’151 km with vehicles Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  10. Kathrin Baumann Ulrike Pechinger Martin Piringer ZAMG, Vienna Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  11. Kathrin Baumann Ulrike Pechinger Martin Piringer ZAMG, Vienna instrument package measured pressure temperature humidity ozone profiling frequency ~30/day resolution 2 sec (~10 m) vertical coverage 550 m Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  12. Kathrin Baumann Ulrike Pechinger Martin Piringer ZAMG, Vienna Comparison cable car - aircraft Baumann K., H. Maurer, G. Rau, M. Piringer, U. Pechinger, A. Prévôt, M. Furger, B. Neininger, U. Pellegrini, 2001: The influence of south Foehn on the ozone distribution in the Alpine Rhine valley - results from the MAP field phase. Atmos. Environment,35, 6379-6390. Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  13. Dominique Ruffieux Heinz Berger, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  14. Dominique Ruffieux Heinz Berger, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  15. cac cem RASS: Radio-Acoustic Sounding System Bragg condition: ac = 2· em cac = 20.05·sqrt(Tv) Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  16. Siegfried Vogt, IKF Karlsruhe Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  17. Siegfried Vogt, IKF Karlsruhe 4.11.1999 17 UT Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  18. Siegfried Vogt, IKF Karlsruhe Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  19. Bruno Neininger Metair Menzingen Stefan Gubser Hans Richner IACETH Zurich MetAir Dimona measured temperature pressure humidity 3-D wind (...plus much more) resolution up to 5 Hz unique dataset alongdolphin flight pattern near interface foehn - cold pool Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  20. Stefan Gubser Hans Richner IACETH Zurich assumptions: mean density 1.0 kg/m3 mean depth of cold pool 100. m measured: daily mean of surface heatflux 15. W/m2 typical heat flux on top of cold pool -15. W/m2 total heat input 30. W/m2 computed: mean heating rate3·10-4K/s = 26. K/d ongoing: computation of momentum flux for estimating entrainment Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  21. trans-Alpineconstant level balloon flights Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  22. Bruno Benech, Heinz Berger PTU/wind data along trajectory example of a long trajectory Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  23. 1 wind lidar 1 backscatter lidar 2 scintillometers (scidars) Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  24. Markus Furger, PSI Villigen scidar Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  25. Markus Furger, PSI Villigen Comparison of wind data scidar - rawinsonde objectives included instrumental development - calibration procedures - evaluation methods - validation with other observations Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  26. Valentin Mitev, Max Frioud, ON Neuchatel Wind lidar Backscatter lidar Philippe Drobinski, Pierre Flamant LMD Palaiseau Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  27. Valentin Mitev, Max Frioud, ON Neuchatel o delimit aerosol layers x show maximum within layer backscatter lidar Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  28. Valentin Mitev, Max Frioud, ON Neuchatel backscatter lidar Evolution of the Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient during IOP 04-05 (1-2/10/1999), resolution appr. 30 min Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  29. LAKE CONSTANCE WALENSEE CHUR Philippe Drobinski, Pierre Flamant LMD Palaiseau Oct 29, 1999, 2140 - 2243 wind lidar Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  30. Philippe Drobinski, Pierre Flamant, LMD Palaiseau 1000 m asl 1500 m asl 2000 m asl 2500 m asl Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  31. Barbara Chimani Manfred Spazierer Reinhold Steinacker Simon Tschannett IMGW Vienna data quality analyses, high resolution analyses (VERA)and comparison with model output (MM5) Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  32. Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  33. Guillaume Beffrey, Geneviève Jaubert Météo France — model — obs. meridional wind speed (comparison MesoNH model with Merlin aircraft observations) validation of model output using data from aircraft leg over Lake Constance Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  34. high TKE Guillaume Beffrey, Geneviève Jaubert Météo France mass flux analyses • major contribution of downward flux in the formation of the foehn jet near the Lake Constance • most intense vertical flux is found in the lee of the of the Alpine ridge • minor contribution of the adjacent valleys : Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  35. Marie Lothon, Bruno Benech, LA Lannemezan Turbulent kinetic energy from Merlin flight(scales < 5 km) 20 October 1999, 12-16 h Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  36. Marie Lothon, Bruno Benech, LA Lannemezan Comparison MESO-NH and Merlin flight 20 October 1999, 12-16 h The model significantly underestimates total turbulent energy! Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  37. Marie Lothon, Bruno Benech, LA Lannemezan 27 km 9 km representation of the Rhine Valley with different resolutions 3 km 250 m Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  38. Marie Lothon, Bruno Benech, LA Lannemezan 27 km 9 km 3 km observed dd Tpot ff Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  39. model (meso-NH) Philippe Drobinski, Markus Furger, Christian Haeberli wind speed (lidar) wind direction (lidar) wind direction (scintillometer) Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  40. Heinz Berger, Thomas Gutermann Daniel Schneiter, Richard Werner continuous observation of the experiment area by four time lapse cameras Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  41. Heinz Berger, Thomas Gutermann Daniel Schneiter, Richard Werner activities related to imaging: • general dynamics in the valley • studying cloudiness five topics of interest: • number of clouds • extension of clouds • tendency of cloudiness • dynamics of cloud (e.g. growth and decay) • cloud motion and wind (parallel to the slope?) Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  42. Heinz Berger, Thomas Gutermann Daniel Schneiter, Richard Werner Video Sequence Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  43. Gabriela Seiz Sierk Bernd Geodesy ETH Zurich piggyback-experiments water vapor spectrometry and radiometry cloud height determination by stereo images Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  44. Efforts for MAP in total: 14 nations 200 scientists ≈ 20 MEUR FORM: 4 nations 30 scientists CH: 3.4 MEUR if loss can be reduced by only 1 %, MAP was paid back five fold! 0.2 % in comparison: in the last 10 years (1989 to 1998) losses and casualties only as consequence of intensive precipitation: 60 persons dead 10 GEUR = 10'000 MEUR of material loss Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  45. Disappointments (personal!) • non-participation of important German groups • poor presence of FORM group in the MAP Operation Center ==> only marginal flight coverage • lack of gravity-wave-induced pressure fluctuations Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  46. Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  47. Markus Furger, PSI Villigen Wave structures along the Rhine valley during two MetAir Dimona flight transects in the morning of 22 October 1999. a) Vertical velocity component. b) Map of the projected flight paths. Red: 0755 – 0801 UTC. Green: 1021 – 1025 UTC. Average flight altitude 1480 m MSL. Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  48. temperature distribution IOP5, October 2 06 h 08 h 10 h 12 h 14 h Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  49. summary and conclusions • composite observing system was optimal • excellent, very dense data set describing the four-dimensional character of meteorological fields before, during, and after foehn events. • numerous (12) foehn cases, several different foehn situations • dilemma with new instrumentation; should it fill gaps or should be collocated for simple comparison? Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

  50. new scientific results are becoming available 2a To improve the understanding and forecasting of the life-cycle of Foehn-related phenomena, including their three-dimensional structure and associated boundary layer processes. • role of flow from tributary valleys • relation between flux and foehn-”jet” • mechanisms by which cold pool is removed Hans Richner, IACETH Zurich

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