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Methods of Research

This guide outlines the fundamental methods of conducting research, focusing on correlational and experimental methods. It highlights the significance of populations and samples, distinguishing between the total number of cases and representative samples. Non-experimental approaches like naturalistic observation and surveys are discussed, along with the critical factors in correlational studies. The experimental method is detailed, emphasizing independent and dependent variables, control and placebo groups, and ethical considerations in research involving humans and animals.

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Methods of Research

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  1. Methods of Research • Rules for conducting research • two main methods: • correlational • experimental method • sub-areas of these, as well

  2. Populations and samples • Population: • total number of all possible cases • those who have been, are now, and will be • Sample: • small portion of possible cases • usually representative • must reflect characteristics of a population

  3. Non-experimental methods • Naturalistic observation • observe in “nature” • non-intrusive • case study • one or a few special cases • can be intrusive or non-intrusive

  4. Non-experimental Method: Surveys or Questionnaires • Questions answered by a sample • intrusive (or at least somewhat) • must be sure get a representative sample • look for answering/questioning biases • people lie!

  5. Correlational method • NON experimental • looking at relation between two variables • effect of X on Y • Correlation DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION • values of -1.0 to 0 to +1.0 • closer to 1.0 is stronger relationship • if value is close to 0, little relationship

  6. Two types of correlations • Positive correlation: 0 to 1.0 • as X goes up so does Y • rate of waterskiing and outside temperature • Negative correlation: 0 to -1.0 • as X goes up, Y goes down • rate of hot chocolate intake and outside temperature

  7. Experimental Method • Allows us to conclude causation • Uses general experimental method • hypothesis to test • uses INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT variables

  8. I.V. and D.V. • Variable = any characteristic or condition which is subject to change • Independent variable: what the experimenter manipulates or changes • Dependent variable: what the experimenter measures, what was changed by the I.V.

  9. Several Important Steps: • Experimenter manipulates IV, measures DV • WAY that the IV is manipulated is important: • assumes using a random sample • control for extraneous (extra or outside) variables • use systematic observations

  10. Types of Groups of IV • Experimental group: gets the treatment • Control group: • does not get the “treatment”, but otherwise equal to the experimental group • Placebo Group: • a control group • “thinks” they got the treatment

  11. Examples: • Alcohol effects on test scores: • IV = level of alcohol intake • DV = test score • What types of groups might have? • Several levels of alcohol intake (1, 5, 20 beers) • control groups: no alcohol; placebo group

  12. Possible Results: Examined effects of Training on come And stay in goats

  13. Problems in Research: • Experimenter bias • way around: double blind procedure • Demand characteristics • Hawthorne Effect • Pygmalion Effect • Measurement problems (did you measure what you thought you measured?)

  14. Ethics in Research • Humans: • right to privacy • voluntary participation • informed consent • no unjustifiable deceit • no lasting harm

  15. Milgram Study and Zimbardo Study

  16. Use of Animals • Animal rights regulations: • IACUC • USDA • NIH/NSF • Controls acquisition, care, use and disposal of animals • Scientists must be properly trained, mimimize discomfort and pain, and meet all requirements of IACUC

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