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Respiratory System

This chapter covers the key functions of the respiratory system, including ventilation (breathing), external and internal respiration (gas exchange), and gas transport in conjunction with the cardiovascular system. It explains the roles of the upper respiratory passages in purifying, warming, and humidifying air, along with the anatomy of the pleurae. Respiratory volumes and sounds, gas transport mechanisms, and the regulation of respiration are addressed. Furthermore, it discusses various respiratory disorders such as COPD, asthma, and the implications of hypoxia.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System Chapter 13

  2. Functions • Ventilation -breathing • External Respiration –gas exchange within lungs • Gas Transport by working with Cardiovascular System • Internal Respiration –gas exchange within tissues

  3. Upper Respiratory Passages • Purify air • Warm air • Humidify air • Paranasal sinuses lighten cranium, produce mucous

  4. Pleura • Parietal pleura • Pleural cavity • Visceral pleura • Pleura stick together to prevent atelectasis • pleurisy

  5. Pressure Within Lungs

  6. Respiratory Volumes • Tidal Volume (TV) • Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) • Residual Volume • Vital Capacity (VC) • TV+IRV+ERV • Dead Space Volume

  7. Respiratory Sounds • Bronchial Sounds • Breathing Sounds • Crackle • Wheezing • Rales

  8. Gas Transport • Higher concentration of O2 in lungs • Higher concentration of CO2 in Tissues • Levels of CO2 change little compared to O2 due to solubility

  9. Gas Transport • Oxygen transported via hemoglobin • Carbon dioxide transported 3 main ways • 70% bound to Bicarbonate ion • 20-30% bound to Hemoglobin • 7-10% in blood plasma • Blood Buffering system keeps pH of blood stable • Hypoxia, cyanotic, CO poisoning http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/hemoglobin-myoglobin.php

  10. Control of Respiration • Phrenic nerve • Regulatory centers in Pons and Medulla • Voluntary Control • Emotional Control • Chemical Controls • Amount of CO2, H+, metabolic wastes in blood • Amount of H+ in blood supply to brain

  11. Respiratory Disorders • Hyperventilation • Apnea • COPD • Dyspnea • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Asthma • SIDS

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