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Splash Screen. Chapter Preview Section 1: The Basis of Culture Section 2: Language and Culture Section 3: Norms and Values Section 4: Beliefs and Material Culture Section 5: Cultural Diversity and Similarity. Chapter Menu. Chapter Preview · Section 1.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Preview Section 1: The Basis of Culture Section 2: Language and Culture Section 3: Norms and Values Section 4: Beliefs and Material Culture Section 5: Cultural Diversityand Similarity Chapter Menu

  3. Chapter Preview · Section 1 The Basis of Culture (pages 72–76) Culture defines how people in a society behave in relation to others and to physical objects. Although most behavior among animals is instinctual, human behavior is learned. Even reflexes and drives do not completely determine how humans will behave, because people are heavily influenced by culture. Chapter Preview 1

  4. Chapter Preview · Section 2 Language and Culture (pages 77–80) Humans can create and transmit culture. The symbols of language play a role in determining people’s views of reality. Chapter Preview 2

  5. Chapter Preview · Section 3 Norms and Values (pages 81–91) The essential components of culture are norms, values, beliefs, and material objects. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms. Chapter Preview 3

  6. Chapter Preview · Section 4 Beliefs and Material Culture (pages 92–94) Besides norms and values, beliefs and physical objects make up culture. Ideal culture includes the guidelines we claim to accept, while real culture describes how we actually behave. Chapter Preview 4

  7. Chapter Preview · Section 5 Cultural Diversity and Similarity(pages 95–102) Cultures change according to three major processes. Cultures contain groups within them called subcultures and countercultures that differ in important ways from the main culture. People tend to make judgments based on their own cultures. While apparently very different on the surface, all cultures have common traits or elements that sociologists call cultural universals. Chapter Preview 5

  8. Chapter Preview-End

  9. Culture defines how people in a society behave in relation to others and to physical objects. Although most behavior among animals is instinctual, human behavior is learned. Even reflexes and drives do not completely determine how humans will behave, because people are heavily influenced by culture. Section 1-Preview

  10. culture society instincts reflex drive sociobiology Section 1-Key Terms

  11. A B C D How much are you are influenced by the culture that surrounds you? A.Very influenced B.Somewhat influenced C. Not very influenced D.Not sure Section 1-Polling Question

  12. Culture and Society • The cultureyou live in refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs and physical objects that are passed from generation to generation among members of a group. • Material aspects of our culture include skyscrapers, computers, cell phones and cars. Section 1

  13. Culture and Society (cont.) • Nonmaterial aspects include beliefs, rules, customs, family systems and a capitalist economy. • Culture andsociety are interwoven. • Asociety is a group of people who live in a defined territory and participate in a common culture. Section 1

  14. Culture and Society (cont.) • Asociety is a group of people who live in a defined territory and participate in a common culture. • Culture is that society’s total way of life. Section 1

  15. A B C D From the following list, what is the example that best represents your culture? A.Literature B.Music C. Government D.Values Section 1

  16. Culture and Heredity • Instincts are genetically inherited patterns of behavior. Humans, unlike animals, cannot rely on instinct alone for survival, so we rely on our culture. • However, culture is not the only influence on our behavior. Section 1

  17. Culture and Heredity (cont.) • Other factors include: • Heredity—genetically inherited traits • Reflexes—simple, biologically inherited automatic reactions to physical stimuli. • Drives—impulses • These expressions of such biological factors can vary depending on the culture. Section 1

  18. A B C D The desire to eat and drink is an example of which biological factor? A. Heredity B.Reflex C. Drive D.Culture Section 1

  19. Sociobiology • Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis of human behavior. • Darwin’s theory of natural selection + modern genetics = Sociobiology • Sociologists believe that behaviors that best help people and animals are biologically based and transmitted in the genetic code. Section 1

  20. Sociobiology (cont.) • Some criticisms of sociobiology: • Certain races could be labeled as inferior or superior. • There is too much variation in societies for human behavior to be based on biology alone. Section 1

  21. Sociobiology (cont.) • Middle ground: • Some sociologists believe that genes work with culture in a complex way to shape and limit human nature and social life. Section 1

  22. A B C D The following are behaviors that help us further develop as the human race EXCEPT A. Parental affection B.Education C. Shopping D.Sexual reproduction Section 1

  23. Section 1-End

  24. Humans can create and transmit culture. The symbols of language play a role in determining people’s views of reality. Section 2-Preview

  25. symbol hypothesis of linguistic relativity Section 2-Key Terms

  26. A B C D Which symbol do you think best represents the culture of the United States? A.Flag B.Eagle C. Apple pie D.Statue of Liberty Section-Polling Question

  27. Symbols, Language, and Culture • Cultural transmission defines the transmission and creation of culture—or the idea that each generation must be taught about their culture. • Symbols are things that stand for or represent something else. The most important symbols are those that create language. Sign Language Section 2

  28. Symbols, Language, and Culture (cont.) • Language and culture are related because language frees humans from the limits of time and space. • Language allows us to create culture. Section 2

  29. A B C Do you agree that language frees us from the limits of time and space? A.Agree B.Disagree C. Not sure Section 2

  30. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or the hypothesis of linguistic relativity—Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf believe that our perceptions of the world depend in part on the particular language we have learned. • For example, when something is important to a society, its language will have many words to describe it. Section 2

  31. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (cont.) • We can learn other languages, or learn more about our own, to expand our view of the world. Section 2

  32. A B C D Native American languages that are spoken in the Arctic Circle most likely include many words describing which of the following? A. Money B.Snow C. Oil D.Trees Section 2

  33. Section 2-End

  34. Two essential components of culture are norms and values. There are several types of norms—folkways, mores, and laws. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms. Section 3-Preview

  35. norms folkways mores taboo law sanctions formal sanctions • informal sanctions • values Section 3-Key Terms

  36. A B C D In your opinion, which of the following values most closely identifies with American culture? A. Belief in God B.Achievement and success C.Democracy D.Equality Section 3-Polling Question

  37. Norms: The Rules We Live By • Normsare rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Norms are so engrained in humans that they guide behavior without awareness. Cultural Etiquette Section 3

  38. A B C D Which of the following is a norm that affects behavior in the classroom? A.Showing respect B.Completing classwork C. Sitting still D. All of the above Section 3

  39. Folkways, Mores, and Laws • There are three types of norms: • Folkways—rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling and behaving but lack moral overtones. • Mores—norms of great moral significance. • Taboo—a norm so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group. Patterns of Tourism Section 3

  40. Folkways, Mores, and Laws (cont.) • Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. Silly Laws Still on the Books Section 3

  41. A B C Which of the following do you think has the most influence on our laws? A.Mores B.Folkways C. Taboos Section 3

  42. Enforcing the Rules • Sanctions are rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms, either formally or informally. • Formal sanctions are sanctions that may be applied, for positive or negative reasons, only by officially designated persons, such as judges and teachers. Section 3

  43. Enforcing the Rules (cont.) • Informal sanctions can be applied by most members of a group, also for positive or negative reasons. Section 3

  44. A B C Is earning the Congressional Medal of Honor a formal or informal sanction? A.Informal B.Formal C. Not sure Section 3

  45. Values—The Basis for Norms • Values are broad ideas about what most people in a society consider to be desirable. • Different groups in the same society can have different norms based on the same value. Section 3

  46. Values—The Basis for Norms (cont.) • Values have a tremendous influence on human social behavior because they form the basis for norms. The Norm Kite Section 3

  47. A B C D Which list follows the “Norm Kite” diagram (from top to bottom)? A.Norms—Values—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Sanctions B.Sanctions—Norms—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Values C. Sanctions—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Values D.Values—Sanctions—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Norms Section 3

  48. Basic Values in the United States • According to sociologist Robin Williams (1970), some of the important values that guide the values of most people in the United States are as follows: • Achievement and success • Activity and work • Efficiency and practicality • Equality • Democracy • Group superiority Section 3

  49. Basic Values in the United States (cont.) • Although many of these values have remained the same over the years, some have changed. Section 3

  50. A B C D Which of Williams’s values do you feel is the least influential in American society? A.Achievement and success B.Activity and work C. Efficiency and practicality D.Equality Section 3

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