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Histology of female reproductive system.
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The functions of the female reproductive system.1) Formation of germ cellssynthesis of hormones.The bodies of the female reproductive system:gonads (ovaries).2) The subsidiary bodies extragonad are oviducts, uterus, vagina, vulva.3) The mammary gland
Ovaries. Function: generative and endocrineStructure. The ovaries are divided into cortex and medulla. In the cortex are primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary (vesicular) and atreticheskie follicles, yellow and white body. Medulla LFCT is educated.
Outside the ovary is modified mesotelium serous membrane, with high proliferative activity (can be a source of ovarian tumor). Albuginea represented DFCT. Stroma of the cortex and medulla is represented LFCT. Ovarian parenchyma is represented by a set of follicles and corpora lutea at different stages of development.
Ovarian cycle includes:1) Folliculogenesis. 2) Ovulation. 3) Lyuteogenesis. Ovarian cycle is repeated every 28-30 days during the reproductive period of women, and is divided into two phases: the follicular and luteal.
Folliculogenesis. Under the tunica are small primordial follicles with oocytes of I order, surrounded by 1 layer of flat follicular cells. Primordial follicles are sensitive to various damaging factors (age, with women in the oocytes accumulate mutations that can lead to abnormalities of the offspring).
With the onset of oocyte growth that occurs in ovarian-menstrual cycle, one of them (dominant follicle) increased in size, and follicular cells are initially cubic, cylindrical, and then begin to multiply rapidly forming a stratified epithelium. Since growing follicles are formed (primary).
Later in the surrounding connective tissue around the primary follicles formed shell is tech. It is divided into 2 layers: the outer fibrous and an inner vascular. In the inner layer appear endocrine interstitial cells. Follicular cells produce fluid that forms between them a few cavities. These are called secondary follicles.
Gradually blend in the cavity 1, oocyte with follicular cells covering his shifts at one pole (oviparous tubercle). At this time the meiosis I, and I order oocyte turns into oocyte II order. This is called the tertiary follicle follicle or Graafovym bubble. Its wall forms a multilayered follicular epithelium or granulosa layer, lying on the basement membrane.
Follicular cell function:1. Trophic.2. The barrier (gematoovarialny barrier).Composition gematoovarialnogo barrier:endotheliumbasement membrane with pericytes continuous type, capable of phagocytosis. Phagocytic macrophages with LFCT. Basement membrane of folliculocytes are follicular cellsbrilliant band.3. The secretory.4. Endocrine is synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (the latter is formed follikulotsitami after their transformation into lyuteotsity), the synthesis of prostaglandins, which regulate blood flow to the follicle.
Ovulation is the gap Graafovbubble and out of the oocyte type IIa in the abdominal cavity. It falls in the middle of the cycle.Typically, ovulation takes place in a tertiary follicle, but there are cases of multiple dominant follicles. Multiple ovulation can cause an artificial introduction of gonadotropins that are used for in vitro (in vitro) fertilization.
Yellow body and lyuteogenesis. The development of the corpus luteum has 4 stages.1. Cell proliferation and vascularization is reproduction of follicular cells and ingrowth of blood vessels between vascular theca.2. Glandular metamorphosis is follicular cells are transformed into large polygonal glandular (lutein) cells.
3. The lutein cells produce the hormone progesterone, which relaxes the muscles of the uterus, increases the thickness of the mucosa, activates the secretion of uterine glands.When pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum is functioning almost in its entirety by suppressing the growth of new follicles, preventing fertilization and recurrent miscarriages. This is called the corpus luteum corpus luteum of pregnancy. If pregnancy has not occurred, the peak stage lasts 12-14 days.4. Regress is lutein cells atrophy. The corpus luteum grows and turns into a LFCT white body.
Atresia of follicles. Tertiary follicle stage attain, not all follicles in the ovaries during the life forms only about 500 eggs. All other follicles at various stages of development are destroyed - atresia. Many follicles are destroyed from birth to 18 years in the ontogeny of atresia are 99% of the follicles. In the early stages of atreticheskih bodies preserved shiny shell. 2-follicularcells with reduced volume cytoplasm.3 - wrinkled oocyte.4 - shiny shell
Regulation of ovarian function1. Intrasystem level. Estrogens regulate the growth of follicles, progesterone inhibits the growth of follicles and estrogen synthesis.2. Pituitary level. In the pituitary gland produces 2 gonadotropic hormones: follitropin and lyutropin.3. Hypothalamic level. In the hypothalamus, produced two types of hormones: GnRH and gonadostatins.4. Epiphyseal level. Hormones inhibit the pineal gland pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Oviducts (Fallopian tubes). Paired organs that connect the abdominal cavity with the cavity of the uterus.Functions of the oviducts.1. Capture the egg and ensuring its movement into the uterine cavity2. The secretory function: mucus production, which contributes to the movement of the egg contains nutrients3. Oviducts provide early stages of embryogenesis. Depends on their length, which is implanted in the womb the fetus. The longer the oviducts, the longer the fetus is in them.
Structure. Anatomically, the fallopian tubes are composed of Ampullar, istmic and uterine parts. They are the bodies of layer type, the wall is formed by three membranes: mucous, muscular and serous (fallopian part serosa is absent).
Mucosa presented a single-layered prismatic epithelium with two types of cells: the ciliate and glandular. Ciliated cells in more pili oviducts, the number of cilia decreases from the hopper to istmic department. Glandular cells produce mucus that contains nutrients for the eggs, as well as substances that activate sperm before fertilization, the enzymes involved in the denudation of the egg.
UTERUSOptions:1. Ensuring the development of the fetus.2. Arrangement of the genera.3. The secretory function is production of mucous secretion.4. Participation in education placenta (maternal side).5. Endocrine function is production of prostaglandins, relaxin (uterine glands), hormones (interstitial cells in the muscle membrane LFCT)
Structure. Uterus is the body of a layered type consisting of three shells. The mucous is called the endometrium, muscular is myometrium, serous isperimetrium. Because the myometrium is very thick, it is possible to allocate the parenchyma (the sum of myocytes forming layers) and stroma LFCT layer. So the queen combines the layered structure and features of parenchymal organs.
Endometrium still connected to the myometrium. Histologically composed of two layers: the epithelium and lamina propria. Epithelium is a single-layer cylinder. In functional terms theendometrium is also divided into two layers: the basal (deepest) and functional (superficial). The functional layer is destroyed during menstruation. The structure of the endometrium is different in different phases of the menstrual cycle.
Myometrium is well developed and has a thickness of 1.5 cm, which increases during pregnancy. Formed 3 layers of myometrium smooth muscle tissue: an inner layer is submucosal, with an oblique direction of the myocyte, median - Vascular - circular. The outer layer of the myometrium - above-vessels, has a smooth myocytes obliquity, but that of course is opposite to the inner layer.
Perimetrium formed mesothelium and LFCT plate (uncoated remain front and side surfaces of the cervix supravaginal). In perimetry occur sympathetic ganglia and plexuses. In areas where perimetrium missing the outer membrane is represented by the adventitia. Around the cervix there is accumulation of adipose tissue, called a parameter or parametrial tissue, which can be observed inflammation, called parametritis.
Reparative regeneration of the uterine wall at her wound, surgical interventions (cesarean section, etc.) most often occurs with the formation of on-site defect myometrial connective tissue scar. With repeated childbirth these scars may be the sites of uterine rupture. However, there are numerous cases of full healing of the defect in the uterine wall with full restoration of all the envelopes is it takes place during pregnancy, which has a positive effect on post-traumatic regeneration of the uterus..
Changes in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycleThe menstrual cycle is divided into three phases: menstrual (phase desquamation), postmenstrual (phase regeneration) and premenstrual (phase secretion).Menstrual phase is characterized by destruction and rejection of the functional layer, it takes 3-5 days.
Phase 2 - or postmenstrual phase of regeneration, proliferation. As a result, within 10 days after menstruation (before the 14th day of the cycle) is a restoration of the functional layer. Its regeneration is stimulated by estrogen, which are allocated in the ovary growing follicle
Phase 3 - or premenstrual phase of the secretion of a 14-day menstrual cycle is formed by the corpus luteum produces progesterone, and - the endometrium thickens and is prepared to accept the embryo. His prostate increases in size, acquire a convoluted shape and begin to secrete mucus. In the endometrium to accumulate a large number of decidual cells. If fertilization does not occur, then the secretory phase lasts about 14 days and ends with the next menstrual period.
Age-related changes of the female reproductive systemOvaries. Newborn girls ovaries contain primordial and primary follicles and atreticheskie. In the future the process of atresia is growing every year, leading to a greater development of connective tissue. By 12-13 years appear secondary and tertiary follicles. In the process of aging of the female body of primordial follicles progressively decreases, and after menopause and are totally absent. Disappear as the growing follicles and fresh corpora lutea. With age, the ovaries are more wrinkled, the parenchyma is replaced by fibrous tissue.
