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WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE ?

WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE ?. We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something. I bought a new car. It is very fast. → I bought a new car that is very fast.

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WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE ?

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  1. WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE? We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something. • I bought a new car. It is very fast.→ I bought a new car that is very fast. • She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

  2. DEFİNİNG AND NON-DEFİNİNG A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about: • I like the woman who lives next door.(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean). A non-defining relative clausegives us extra information about something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence. • I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).

  3. DEFİNİNG RELATİVE CLAUSES : 1: The relative pronoun is the subject: First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause. We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things. The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

  4. For example (clause after the object of the sentence): • I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well. • She has a son who / that is a doctor. • We bought a house which / that is 200 years old. • I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later. More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence): • The people who / that live on the island are very friendly. • The man who / that phoned is my brother. • The camera which / that costs £100 is over there. • The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

  5. Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using 'that' or 'who' and a relative clause. 01) She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 02) They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03) I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 04) The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05) We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  6. 06) I dropped a glass (the glass was new) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 07) She loves books (the books have happy endings) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 08) They live in a city (the city is in the north of England) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 09) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................. 10) The girl works in a bank (the girl is from India) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) My sister has three children (my sister lives in Australia) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  7. 12) The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a blue shirt) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............. 13) The money is in the kitchen (the money belongs to John) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................. 14) The table got broken (the table was my grandmother’s) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 15) The television was stolen (the television was bought 20 years ago) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………. 16) The fruit is on the table (the fruit isn't fresh) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….

  8. 2: The relative pronoun is the object: Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

  9. (Clause after the object) • She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought. • We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended. • John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with. • The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with. (Clause after the subject) • The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen. • The university (which / that) she likes is famous. • The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico. • The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

  10. NON-DEFİNİNG RELATİVE CLAUSES : We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

  11. (Clause comes after the subject) • My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester. • My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars. • My bicycle,whichI've had for more than ten years, is falling apart. • My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small. (Clause comes after the object) • Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York. • The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed. • Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now. • I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

  12. Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using a relative clause. Use 'that' or no pronoun. 01) She bought the computer (her brother had recommended the computer) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 02) He lost the money (I had given him the money) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03) We called the taxi company (Julie often uses the taxi company) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 04) John met a girl (I used to employ the girl) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05) Lucy called the doctor (my mother knows the doctor) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............

  13. 06) He brought a woman (I used to often meet the woman) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 07) We employed the lawyer (Julie recommended the lawyer) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 08) The fruit is on the table (I bought the fruit) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 09) The wallet belongs to John (Lucy found the wallet in the garden) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) The food was delicious (David cooked the food) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) The car was stolen (my father gave me the car) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  14. 12) The man was arrested (I reported the man to the police) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13) The doctor was right (Lucy asked the doctor about her problem) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 14) The waitress was very pretty (my brother dated the waitress) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 15) The secretary is in the office (the boss likes the secretary) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16) We ate the fruit (I bought the fruit) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

  15. Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using a relative clause. If it's possible, you should drop the relative pronoun. 01) I broke the plate (the plate was a wedding present) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 02) The police arrested the man (I saw the man steal a handbag) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 03) The Queen fired the chef (we had met the chef) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 04) She wrote to her friend (her friend lives in Vietnam) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05) Jill ate the sandwich (the sandwich had tomato and cheese inside) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

  16. 06) His friend lives in Scotland (his friend is a lawyer) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 07) We called the secretary (I went to school with the secretary) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 08) The CD is in my bag (the CD has Spanish music) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 09) The book is very interesting (the book is about Japanese culture) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) The bag was stolen (I bought the bag yesterday) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) He likes films (the films come from Asia) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

  17. 12) My nephew broke the plate (I received the plate as a present) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13) The chocolate was very old (we bought the chocolate last week) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14) The TV programme was very funny (Lucy recommended the TV programme) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 15) The girl is on TV tonight (I met the girl yesterday) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16) They found the money (I dropped the money) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  18. Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using a relative clause. If it's possible, you should drop the relative pronoun. 01) The doctor was sick (I wanted to see the doctor) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 02) The accountant was arrested (the accountant works for my father's company) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 03) I wrote to the friend (you met the friend last week) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 04) The mobile phone can't be fixed (the mobile phone is broken) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05) John made a copy of the photo (I took the photo) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........................

  19. 06) I met a girl (the girl was a doctor) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 07) We called a doctor (the doctor works at a hospital in London) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 08) We like the actor (the actor was in a famous film) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 09) I went to the restaurant (I read about the restaurant in the newspaper) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10) She bought a car (her sister liked the car) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) I often buy cheese (the cheese is imported from Paris) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

  20. 12) The hairdresser was very good (the hairdresser has red hair) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13) The child is playing in the garden (we see the child often) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14) The nurse is in the office (the nurse treated my grandmother) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15) The car is in the garage (the car broke down) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16) The man was late (Julie invited the man) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  21. PREPOSİTİONS AND RELATİVE CLAUSES If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause: listen to The music is good. Julie listens to the music.→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

  22. work with My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with. go to The country is very hot. He went to the country.→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

  23. come from I visited the city. John comes from the city.→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from. apply for The job is well paid. She applied for the job.→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

  24. WHOSE 'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things. • The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there. • The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad. • The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.→ The woman whosecar is a BMW is coming tonight. • The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

  25. WHERE / WHEN / WHY We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions. I live in a city. I study in the city.→ I live in the city where I study.→ I live in the city that / which I study in.→ I live in the city in whichI study.

  26. The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.→ The bar in Barcelona in whichI met my wife is still there. The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.→ The summer in whichI graduated was long and hot.

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