Learning Outcome G2

1. Learning Outcome G2 Phylum Porifera & Phylum Cnidaria

2. Learning Outcome G2 • Analyse the increasing complexity of the Phylum Porifera and the Phylum Cnidaria

3. Student Achievement Indicators • Students who have fully met this learning outcome will be able to: • Examine members of the PhylumPoriferaand identify their unifying characteristics • Describe how poriferans carry out their life functions • Examine members of the PhylumCnidariaand identify their unifying characteristics • Describe how cnidarians carry out their life functions • Compare polyp and medusa with respect to structure, general function, and motility • Suggest the advantages of a motile form in the life cycle of a cnidarian • Explain the evolutionary significance of colonial (poriferan) versus multicellular (cnidarian) life forms • Describe the ecological roles of sponges and cnidarians

4. Phylum Porifera – The Sponges

5. Classification • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Porifera

6. Characteristics • An invertebrate • Sessile (do not move) • Found in oceans and lakes • Have specialized cells but these cells are not arranged into organs or tissues • No nervous system or brain • No muscle tissue, which means sponges are not capable of any type of movement

7. Characteristics • Highly successful group; 500 million years old • An evolutionary dead end, because no other groups have developed from the sponges • Spicules make up the internal skeleton of the sponges • Amebocytes are specialized cells that build spicules from calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silicon dioxide (SiO2). • No body symmetry

11. Feeding • Filter feeder • Collar cells with flagellum create water currents that brings water into and out of the cells • Water and food enter the sponge through small pores and exit via the osculum • Digestion occurs in the collar cells or amebocytes that wander around the middle layer of the sponge

13. Reproduction Sexual Reproduction • Generally hermaphroditic (produce both male and female gametes) • Have a motile larvae stage • An egg (n) is fertilized by a sperm (n) and develops into a free-swimming larvae (2n). • Larve attaches to bottom undergoes metamorphosis • After metamorphosis an adults sponge develops (2n)

15. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • Budding or branching • Produces gemmules under unfavorable conditions • Gemmules are sphere-shaped collections of amebocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules. • These gemmules can survive long periods of freezing temperatures and droughts, which would kill an adult sponge. • When conditions become favorable again these gemmules will develop into a new adult sponge.

17. Ecological Roles • Shelter for invertebrates • Preyed on by bacteria, algae and other microscopic organisms • Form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms. • In this relationship the photosynthetic organisms provide food and oxygen. • The role of the sponge is to remove waste • Specialized amebocytes called “boring sponges” are vital in marine habitats because they clear the ocean floor

18. Protection • Produce toxins and antibiotics that are used to deter bacteria and algal predators

19. Human Uses • Caribbean sponge has a compound that may be useful in fighting leukemia and herpes

20. Phylum Cnidaria

21. Classification • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Cnidaria • Class: Cubozoa (sea wasps or box jellyfish) • Class: Scyphozoa(jellyfishes) • Class: Anthozoa (anemones and corals) • Class: Hydrozoa (hydra)

22. Class Cubozoa

23. Class Scyphozoa

24. Class Anthozoa

25. Class Hydrozoa

26. Characteristics • Invertebrate • Radial symmetry • Have true tissue, which allows specialization • Only have two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm • Middle layer is not a mesoderm, but a layer composed of a jelly-like substance called mesoglea. • This group includes jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone and reef coral • Aquatic organisms • Generally marine, but there are fresh water species such as hydra • A nerve net encircles the body • Some free swimming species have a ring of nerve cells around the bell (perhaps a primitive beginning of a central nervous system) • Have coordination of nerves and muscles

27. Hydra

29. Feeding • Capture food using specialized cells within the tentacles called cnidocysts, which contains small sacs called nematocysts. • Nematocysts contain coiled, hollow tubes that shoot out rapidly and penetrates the skin of the prey • These nematocysts may contain toxins that paralyze the prey • Capture food and digest it in a sac-like cavity that has a single opening • Waste is expelled from the same opening • This opening is controlled by muscle, which allows cnidarians to engulf larger prey

32. Reproduction • Alternation of generations lifecycle • Two body forms: polyp and medusa • Polyp • Has a sessile tube-like body within the oral end directed upwards • Vental end is attached to the ocean/lake floor • Example – hydra

33. Reproduction • Medusa • Bell-shaped organism • Mouth is located on the underside • Have a thick middle layer called the mesoglea • Cnidarians are often known as jellyfish due to their medusa state, although some species only have a polyp stage

35. Sexual Reproduction • Egg/sperm arise from gastrodermal cells that have migrated to specific locations in the epidermis of the polyp or on the underside of the medusa • Egg/sperm are released into the water and undergo external fertilization • Zygote develops into a free-swimming ciliated larva called a planula • Planula has an elongated body shape, is radially symmetrically, and has no gastrovascular cavity or mouth

36. Sexual Reproduction • Planula attaches to substrate and develops into a hydroid colony (polyp stage) • Some hydroid colonies do not produce a free swimming medusa stage • Example – hydra • Hydroid colonies exhibit specialization • These colonies are used to facilitate feeding and reproduction • These colonies are also used as a defense mechanisms.

38. Reproduction in Hydra • Hydra may reproduce asexually • Budding outgrowth of body walls • Regeneration similar to sponges • Hydra also reproduce sexually during unfavorable conditions • May be hermaphroditic or have separate sexes • After fertilization zygote divides and becomes an embryo that is enclosed in a protective case. • This encased embryo is called a cyst, and it drops of the parent and lies dormant until favorable conditions usually to spring.

39. Protection • Used the same mechanisms as in feeding • Specialized cells within the tentacle called cnidocytes that can expel a poison that can be used to deter predators.

40. Ecological Roles • Involved in symbiotic relationships with many organisms • Example - sea anemone and fish, shrimp and small animals. These small organisms live among the tentacles of the very large sea anemone. The sea anemone protects the symbiont and provides food. In return the sea anemone is cleaned and protected by these symbionts from potential predators. • Also Provide habitats for many small invertebrates and microorganisms • Example - coral reefs

41. Human Uses • Protect coasts areas from damage caused by storms and large waves. • These reefs are being damaged by pollution • Once damaged the calcium carbonate skeleton of these reefs break apart and no longer offer protection to our coastal areas • Coral is used to make beautiful jewelry and decorative articles • Corals produce certain chemical for their defense • Some of these chemicals can be used to manufacture drugs against cancer, and some toxins produced by corals are used by scientists to study and understand the function of nerve cells.