Muslim Empires

1. Muslim Empires Mr. White’s World History

2. Objectives • After we have studied this section, we should be able to: • Describe how Muslim rulers in the Ottoman, Persian, and Mughal empires governed much of the Middle East, North Africa, and India. • Understand the geography of the Middle East and Indian Peninsula

3. Three Empires • Ottoman Empire – ruled in modern-day Turkey, Palestine, North Africa, and parts of Saudi Arabia, 1299-1923 • Safavid Persia – ruled in modern-day Iran from 1501-1722 • Mughal Empire – ruled in modern-day India from 1526 to mid-1800s

4. The Three Empires

5. The Ottoman Empire – Suleiman the Magnificent • Suleiman was the first major ruler of the Ottoman empire (1520-1566) • He served as both a political and religious ruler • Sultan – political ruler • Caliph – religious leader • Suleiman used a well-trained army and bureaucracy to carry out his rule

6. Ottoman Architecture

7. Suleiman, the Lawgiver • Suleiman had to create laws to govern many different types of people – Christians, Muslims, and Jews • Non-Muslims would be allowed to worship as they pleased, as long as they were loyal to him • He reformed the administration of the country as well, and created laws to make it run better

8. Decline of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman empire began a steady decline in the 1600s. • During the 1880s, the Ottoman empire reformed the military and government • By the end of the 1800s, the Ottoman emperor took back many of Suleiman’s reforms, and instituted absolute rule • By the end of World War I, the Ottoman empire ceases to be a major power

9. Safavid Persia and Shah Abbas • Shah Abbas was the greatest ruler of Safavid Persia. • Persia, at this time, is Shi’ite Muslim. • Ruled from 1581 to 1629. • Shah Abbas made alliances against the Sunni Ottomans, sometimes with European nations • The Persian language spread as the language of culture, diplomacy, and trade • After Shah Abbas, Safavid Persia gradually declines until 1722

10. The Mughals • Timur Lenk, a Turko-Mongol, conquered much of Central Asia, and his empire would become the empire of the Mughals in India • Babur, a successor of Timur’s, reconquered northern India • Encouraged orderly government • Expanded the arts

11. Akbar • After Babur, Akbar brought peace and order to the Mughal empire. • Since most people he ruled were Hindus and not Muslims, he encouraged religious tolerance • Repealed a tax on Hindus • Invited religious scholars of other faiths to his court to debate religion

12. Art, Music, and Literature • Art, music, and literature flourished under Akbar • As Akbar recognized the value of education, he set up a library to preserve educational writings

13. Mughal Architecture

14. The Decline of the Mughals • By the 1600s, Hindu rebellions and a new emerging religion, Sikhism, led to the decline of the Mughals • Most Indians had held on to Hindu customs and had not converted to Islam • Later Mughal rulers abandoned religious tolerance, so this made many Hindus angry

15. Decline of Muslim Empires • These three Muslim empires declined as Europe and its countries expanded • Rulers declined, and brought their countries with them • Lack of innovation and change – not “dynamic”, like Europe • Were all land empires – didn’t focus on sea power or trade, like Europe • Superiority complex – considered themselves superior to Europe, didn’t pay much attention to European growth