The Muslim Empires

1. The Muslim Empires The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal (or Mogul)

2. Ottomans: Beginning • started on Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey. • land granted them by the Seljuk Turks. • pastoral and peaceful people at the start • As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to expand.

3. Ottoman: Military Power • 14th century moved into the Balkans. • took the title of sultan and began to build strong military • Developed the janissaries

4. Ottoman: Expansion • April 6, 1253, laid siege to the city of Constantinople. • May 29, 1253, Constantinople falls led by Mehmet II (the conquerer. • The city was later renamed Istanbul.

5. Hagia Sophia

6. Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520) • took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah. • took the title of caliph • Extended empire from Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar. • little impact on North Africa. • Appointed Pashas

7. Ottoman: Suleiman I (the magnificent (ruled 1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature • expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea. • He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well. • He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools. • married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her. • executed his eldest son Mustafa • Roxelana’s son Selim took power when Suleiman died in 1566.

8. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

9. Ottoman: Political • " gunpowder empire” • Sultans were the supreme authorities in both political and military senses. • sultan was hereditary – a son always succeeded the father. • Since the times of Mehmet II, Ottoman sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul. • The private domain of the sultan was called a “harem,” or “sacred place.” • When a son became sultan, his mother became queen mother

10. Ottoman: Political • “grand vizier”: chief advisor to the sultan • led meetings of the imperial council that met 4 days a week. • The empire was divided into districts and ruled by officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at palace schools. • Senior officials were given land but the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies for the empire • Sunni Muslims. • Sultans had claimed the title of caliph since the 16th century. • religious duties given to the “ulema”- a group of religious advisors.

11. Ottoman: Religion • The Ottoman were tolerant of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, but they were allowed to practice their religion or to convert to Islam. • Most people in the European areas of the empire remained Christian. In some areas, the large numbers converted to the Islamic faith.

12. Ottoman: Social Structure • Subjects were divided by occupation • Ruling class, peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples.

13. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

14. Ottoman: Decline • The problems of the Ottoman Empire began with SelimII around 1699. • training of officials declined • senior positions were given to the sons and daughters of the elite • members of the elite busy trying to amass their own fortunes • Local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose • wars depleted imperial treasury

15. Ottoman: Decline • influence of Western Europe • Western clothes, Western furniture, tobacco and coffee were introduced to the Ottomans • Some sultans tried to fight the trends of Western Europe.

16. Safavid: Shah Ismail (1501-1524) • “shah” is king of the new Persian state. • Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of Iran and Iraq • Red Hats or Qizilbash • Shiite Muslim • “TwelverShiism” • Massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Baghdad. • Lost major battle at Tabriz to Suleiman

17. Safavid: Shah Abbas (1588 to 1629) • Brought the Safavids to their highest point of glory. • Usurped the throne from his father • Modernized Military • Captured men in Russia forced them to convert and fight • Attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help • Could not keep territorial gains • When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.

18. Safavid: Isfahan • Safavidcapital. • Social structure: Shah, bureaucracy and landed classes, then the common people. • Official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at first. • Isfahan vs. Istanbul • Silk and carpet weaving • Riza-i-Abbasi, most famous artist of this time.

19. Moguls: Babur (1483-1530) • Founder • United the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India • Descendant of Timurthe Lameand Mongol conquerors of Genghis Khan • Armies were usually smaller than his opponents

20. Mogul: Akbar the Great (1556-1605) • Grandson of Babur • Placed most of India under Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation. • Adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess. • New religion Din-i-Ilahi (“Divine Faith” • Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of collected taxes. • Treatment of women

21. Mogul: Shah Jahan(ruled 1628 – 1658) • He ruled using the political system started by earlier Mogul rulers. • Expanded the boundaries of the Mogul Empire • Best known for the TajMahal (in Agra, India) which combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles.

22. Mogul: Aurangzeb (1618-1657) • Devout Muslim and man of high principle. • Tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee, levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking. • Did not embrace religious tolerance • Mogul fell during his reign b/c of • Land grant system • Failure to integrate newly conquered territories • Rise of regional powers

23. Moguls : Gender • Women had a complex life. • Women had played a role in Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land and do business. • They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families. • A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule

24. Moguls: Art and culture • brought together Persian and Indian influences in art and architecture. • Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs. • The “Akbar style” included humans in action. • Akbarencouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, including perspective and lifelike portraits. • Akbar commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists.