The Science of SM

1. Brad Sagarin, James Ambler, Ellen Lee, & Kathryn Klement Northern Illinois University The Science of SM

2. Sadism would … correspond to an aggressive component of the sexual instinct which has become independent and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement. Freud (1938)

3. [Masochism is] nothing but a continuation of sadism directed at one’s own person in which the latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Freud (1938)

4. [Masochism is] a peculiar perversion of the psychical sexual life in which the individual … is controlled by the idea of being completely and unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex; of being treated by this person as by a master, humiliated and abused. Krafft-Ebing (1965)

5. Abused as children • Irrational guilt • Filled with unconscious rage and the desire for revenge • Fragile sense of identity • Indistinct personal boundaries between themselves and others Ross (1997)

6. Hamilton’s 1929 survey of 200 married men and women: 51% 28% Men 32% 29% Women “Pleasant thrills” frominflicting pain “Pleasant thrills” fromreceiving pain

7. Clinical Criminal Consensual

9. Demographics • Higher education and income • Higher divorce rate • No higher incidence of childhood abuse • Socially well adjusted

10. Demographics con’t... • Many realize SM tendencies at an early age: • Gay men before straight men (all before 16 yrs) • Men before women

11. Relationship dynamics • Partner selection, power dynamics, and sexual bargaining in self-defined BDSM couples (Cutler, 2003) • Great diversity in relationships • Compatibility ≠ identical kinks • Sexual gift-giving

12. Testosterone Sagarin et al. (2009)

13. Cortisol Sagarin et al. (2009)

14. Relationship closeness

15. Relationship closeness Sagarin et al. (2009)

16. Before, During and Aftercare

17. Psychological Functioning of BDSM Practitioners (Connolly, 2006) • 132 respondents • 56 women, 73 men, 3 transgendered individuals • Ages 25-74 • Recruited in Southern California via e-mail through BDSM clubs and organizations

18. Psychological Functioning of BDSM Practitioners (Connolly, 2006) • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2, 567 items) • Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III, 175 items) • Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI, 100 items) • Postraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PDS, 49 items) • Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI, 30 items) • Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II, 21 items) • Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI, 21 items)

19. Psychoanalytic theorizing Depression Anxiety Obsessive-compulsion PTSD Dissociation Psychological sadism Psychological masochism Narcissism Borderline pathology Paranoia

20. BDSM practitioners vs. normative samples Out of body experiences Missing one’s freeway exit because one’s mind is elsewhere Ego self-involvement Connolly (2006)

21. Altered states of consciousness • Physiological short term changes in the brain caused by SM related activities

22. Flow The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one. Csikszentimihályi(1991)

24. Conditions under which flow happens • Engagement in activity chosen for its own sake • Perceived challenges are high while skill level is also high • Clear goals that are regarded important • Immediate feedback indicating success at task • Highly focused attention

25. Characteristics of flow state • Intense concentration on task • Deep sense of involvement and merging of action and awareness • Sense of control over one’s actions • Enjoyment in activity • Distorted sense of time

26. Consciousness as a Process

27. Escape from the Self The self is sometimes burdensome • "The greater the demands in my outside life, the likelier I am to feel submissive sexually." Baumeister(1988) Wiseman (1996)

28. Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL): • Important for directed attention, temporal integration, and working memory Working memory deficits cause: • Less abstract thinking • Less access to memory • Less self-reflective consciousness • Less cognitive flexibility • These lead to subjective changes in consciousness Dietrich (2003)

29. Common experiences of altered states of consciousness: time distortions disinhibition from social constraints  changes in focused attention Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis Transient Hypofrontality States -Runner’s High  -Meditation  -Dreaming  -Day dreaming  -Hypnosis  -Various Drug Highs • Specific variations: • reduction of pain • feelings of floating • feelings of peacefulness • little consistent logic • difficulty with memory • feeling of living in the here and now • little active decision making Dietrich (2003)

30. Subspace “With my girl, she was punishing me, and I felt a deep sense of pain and pleasure, sort of a one with nature and my environment, it was incredible.” “It’s very dreamlike. I knew that I felt good, and I was aware of my partner, but I was not paying attention to anything else.” “I felt intense pleasure and pain, I almost felt like I was flying and for a moment I thought I would pass out. I felt like I was separating from my own body.” “An almost trance like state. Pain didn’t exist in any form.” “While bottoming with my partner, I was able to let go to the point of losing touch with reality while my partner spanked me.” “While being dominated I stepped back inside myself. After getting the rush from playing I lost track of what was going on, nothing seemed to affect me while I was down inside myself.”

32. The Stroop Test

33. Read the word

34. Green

35. Red

36. Blue

37. Yellow

38. Name the color

39. XXXXX

40. XXXXX

41. XXXXX

42. XXXXX

43. Read the word

44. Yellow

45. Green

46. Blue

47. Red

48. Name the color

49. Green

50. Red