Teacher Huo’s lecture for the whole school year includes the following

1. Teacher Huo’s lecture for the whole school year includes the following (霍仲弟老师初三级英语提高班一学年的教学课件2005,9-2006,4 Total: 187 pages ): 1. Introduction: Grammar and Usage 2. Members of the Sentences 3.Prepositions （including 100 multiple choices) 4. Adverbial Clauses 5.Agreement of verb with subject

2. I. Grammar and Usage • 1. What is Grammar? • As a branch of linguistics, grammar deals with the structure of a language. As is usually the case , every language has its own grammatical structure. One language may borrow grammatical terms and words from another, but its structure is always unique. A survey of the vocabulary of modern English shows that around 50 percent of the words in it were borrowed from Latin and French. Despite the conspicuous presence of this foreign element, the structure of the language remains native. In fact. What marks one language as being different from another is more or less a matter of grammar. For instance, the Chinese language does not • distinguish tense in the verb and number in the noun as the English language and the English language does not distinguish number, case and gender in the adjective as the Russian language. • In the arrangement of words, one language is again different from • another. In English , we ask “Who is he ?” but in Chinese“他是谁 • ?” These and many other aspects concerning the structure of a

3. These and many other aspects concerning the structure of a language, when summed up in terms of rules, are what we call grammar. • II. Members of Sentence • 1.General Remarks • A sentence consists of different parts known as members of the sentence. It is general acknowledged that there are two principal members in the sentence---- the subject and the predicate. • 2. The subject • The subject denotes the person or thing about which something • is said. It is usually expressed by a noun , a noun phrase , a pronoun, a numeral , an infinitive, a gerund , participle , substantivized adjective or clause. • e.g. Knowledge is power. (noun) • Lost time is never found again. (noun phrase) • All of us are in favour of the proposal. (pronoun)

4. Some went sightseeing, others visited the exhibition being shown in the famous museum in our capital. (pronoun) • Four (of them) are going by boat. (numeral) • To deal with this situation is usually hard for me. (We usually say: It is usually hard for me to deal with this situation. ) (infinitive) • Does smoking do him any good? (gerund) • Where he is going is unknown. (subject clause) • The most aged of the three is my uncle. (adjective) • The wounded and the sick were taken good of by the doctors and • nurses in this hospital. (substantivized adjective) • 3. The Predicate • The predicate is formed by a verb phrase may be an intransitive verbs, a transitive verb together with an object or a link verb with a predicative. • e.g. His grandfather came back home from abroad after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. ( intransitive verb)

5. This famous book has been translated into many kinds of languages. (transitive verb) His sister has been a League member for six years. (link verb) (=His sister became a League member six years ago.) (link verb) • 4. The Predicative • The predictive denotes the state, quality or status of the subject. It may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a adjective, adverb, infinitive, a prepositional phrase, a gerund, a present and past participle and a clause. • e.g. It looks a fine day. (noun) • The sight is indeed a beautiful one. (pronoun) • The weather will continue cold/ mild/ warm throughout the next few days. (adjective) • Our job is to teach English for the only five year-old boys and girls in this kindergarten. (infinitive)

6. My job is teaching. (gerund) • We are worried about your health. (past participle) • The news we heard just now was very exciting. (present participle) • Is the gas on/off? (adverb) • Everything in the room is in good order. (prepositional phrase ) • The question is whether we can get much raw material. (clause) • More practice is what you need at present. (clause) • Time factor is what we must first take into consideration. (clause) • 5. The Object • 1) The direct object • The direct object denotes the person or thing that receives the action of a transitive verb or is produced by the action of the verb. • It usually comes after a transitive. • e.g. He hit me on the head. • Farmers grow rice.

7. 2)The indirect object • The indirect object is a noun or a pronoun which denotes the person or some other living being towards whom the action of the verb is directed. It usually goes before the direct object. Verbs that take two objects are: buy, hand, give , lend, pass, offer, send, show, write, tell, teach, etc. e.g. He gave the house a new coat of paint last year. (noun) His brother sent me a piece of information last night. (pronoun) • The prepositional indirect object is also used if the direct object • is a pronoun and the indirect object is a noun, or if both objects are personal pronouns. • e.g. He gave mea book yesterday. (Passive voice: A book was given to me by him yesterday.= I was given a book by him yesterday. ) • Send itto him, please. • 3) The cognate object (cognate（同源）: a word in one language that is similar to one in another language and has the same origin. ) An intransitive verb may sometimes be followed by a noun whichis similar in meaning to the verb. Such a noun is calleda cognateobject.

8. Most cognate objects have the same form as the verb and are usually modified by an adjective preceding them. • e.g. He laughed a scornfullaugh.(scornful轻蔑的) • Liu Hulan died a gloriousdeath.(glorious光荣的) • She slept a peacefulsleep and dreameda wonderfuldream. • 4) The complex object （复合宾语）＿ • (complex: a word or sentence consisting of a main part and one or more other parts.) • Some transitives, besides taking an object, still need some expressions to complete the sense(=meaning) of the predicate. Such an expression is called the object complement. The object • and its complement make up the complex object. The complex object is expressed by: • (1) A noun ( or: pronoun) +an infinitive, • e.g Let a hundred flowersblossom. (noun) • The headmaster’s words made methink a lot .(pronoun) • (2) A noun (or: pronoun) +a participle

9. e.g. I’m going to get my watchrepaired this afternoon. • Her job kept her standing from opening till closing time. • When speaking English, you must make yourselfunderstood. • His funny words made everybody present laughing. • (3) A noun (or: pronoun) + an adjective • e.g. The cold weather is turning the leavesyellow. • We must keep the roomneat and tidy. • (4) A noun (or: pronoun)+ a noun • I consider thata downright(彻头彻尾/完全的)lie. • They all called herBig Sister. • (5)A noun (or: pronoun) + an adverb (or: prepositional phrase) • e.g. I went to a dentist’s to have a toothout. • They regarded him as a fool. • 6. Attribute • The attribute is a word ,a phrase or a clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It may be expressed by an adjective, a present

10. past present , a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, an • infinitive, an adverb, a prepositional phrase or a clause. • e.g. He made some mistakes in his exercises. • (pronoun) • The world situation is very favourable to us. • (noun) • Both the writer’s pen and the soldier’s sword are weapons to fight freedom. (noun in the possessive case) • He is sitting in the fourth row. (numeral) • This is the best way to solve the problem. • (infinitive)

11. The building there is a school. (adverb) • I want a cake of soap. ( prepositional phrase) • This is a city three times the size ofChangsha. ( group of words) • China has many high mountains, long rivers and big lakes. (adjectives) • The principal told us encouraging situation about our country. ( present participle) • The workers in our school repaired the broken desks and chairs yesterday. • ( past participle)

12. There is a big swimming pool near our school. ( gerund ) • Please save the running water! ( present participle) • The man talking with /to our class teacher is from the United States of America. • (present participle phrase) • I have enough things to do today./ I have things enough to do today. (adjective) • I have something important to tell you now. • .(adjective) The bookon the desk is mine. (prep.phr.)

13. The little girl who plays the piano well studies well. (attributive clause) • This is the place where I was born. • (attributive clause) • This is the reason why I was late forschool yesterday. (attributive clause) • How can I forget the day when I joined the Youth League? • This is the student whose Englishpronunciation is the best in our class. • (attributive clause) • 7.The appositive(同位语)

14. The appositive as a special kind of attribute differs from other kinds of attributes. It doesn’t describe the noun but gives it another name which often defines(给[词或概念] 下定义), explains or further identifies (确认)it. An appositive may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a numeral ,clause or the possessive case of • ‘of’ : • e.g. Mr. Steve, our foreign teacher, encourages us middle school students to learn English well. (noun phr.) • We all have a common desire to • reunite our motherland. (pronoun)

15. The earth itself is matter. (pronoun) • These English materials are for you three. • (numeral) • The city of Shanghai has been greatly changed. (noun in the possessive case ) • We are very interested in the fact that water turns to ice.( appositive clause) • 8.The Adverbial • Adverbials may be classified(把……分为) into three kinds , namely, adjuncts(修饰性状语), disjuncts(评注性状语)and conjuncts(连接性状语). • 1) Adjuncts(修饰性状语)

16. Adjuncts are adverbials used to modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb or the predicate as a whole. They are most commonly(=usually=generally) expressed by: • (1)Adverbial or adverbial phrases, e.g. • He gladly accepted our invitation. • Tom speaks English quite naturally. • (2) Prepositional phrases, e.g. • She is not satisfied with her achievements. • (3) Infinitive phrases, e.g. • You were wrong not to accept the • suggestion.

17. (4) Participles or participial phrases, e.g. • Not knowing the road, I lost my way. • (5)Adverbial clauses, e.g. • Turn off the lights before you leave the room. • We must hurry up so that we may get there in time. • 2) Disjuncts ( 评注性状语) • The difference between disjuncts and adjuncts(修饰性状语) is that disjuncts are not used to modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb or the predicate as a whole, but to express the speaker’s attitude to the statement or to give some explanation to it. Disjuncts may be expres- • sed by:

18. Actually, you owe me more than this. • Fortunately, he found the money he’d lost. • Strictly speaking, you should not have spent too much time (in ) studying English. • 3) Conjuncts(连接性状语) • Conjuncts (or: Conncetives) as adverbials are not used to modify a verb, an adjective or the predicate as a whole, nor are they used to explain the state- • ment, but to connect one clause or one sentence with another, e.g. • They’ll be here in 10 minutes.

19. —Was the concert nice? • —Yes, as a matter of fact, it was wonderful. • John is smart, polite and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable(令人钦佩{赞美}的). It’s cold, but on the other hand, it’s not raining. That’s all for today. Thank you for your attending my class! See you next time.

20. 介词(prepositions)的用法和练习 • 一. 介词的语法意义 • 介词又称前置词,是一种虚词,表示名词或代词和句中其他词之间的关系。介词不能单独作句子成分,通常放在名词或代词前,构成介词短语。通常介词短语才能作句子成分。在介词后面的名词或代词又可称为介词的宾语。其后若是代词,须用宾格。介词后也可跟动名词(v.+ing) 。 • 对于介词我们的主要问题是:一些介词的意思相近,使用中该用哪一个。下面把初中所学的介词作详细的介绍。

21. 二.部分常用介词的用法 • 1.用于表示时间和日期的 at, on, by, before, after: • (1) at, on • at a time ,一个具体的时间: at noon at six • at midnight at 4:30 • at an age: at sixteen / at the age of sixteen • e.g. She got married at eighteen. • on a day / date, 具体的一天: on Monday • on 4 July on Christmas Day • 例外:at Christmas(这里是指圣诞期间,而不是圣诞那一天) 。 on the morning / afternoon / evening /night of a certain(某一天)date:

22. They left for New York on the morning of the fifth . • (2) by, before, after • by a time / date / period(时期)=at that time or before / not later than that date, 常含有“before that time / date (在那时/ 天之前) ”的意思 : • e.g. The train starts at 6:10, so you’d better be at the station by 6:00. • “by+时间短语”常跟完成时态连用: • By the end of this summer holiday I have read all those books. • Before(在…之前)可作介词, 连词或副词:

23. before (在…之前) 可作介词, 连词或副词用: e.g. Before breakfast, I wash my face and hands. (prep.) Before I have breakfast, I wash my face and hands. (conj.) I haven’t seen him before. (adv.) after(在…之后)可作介词或连词用。e.g. Don’t run after a meal / eating. （prep.） What will you do after you finish middle school? (conj.) (3) on time, in time on time的意思是“准时,不迟不早”:

24. The 8:00 train started on time.(火车就在8点正开出) • in time 的意思是“按时, 及时,不迟于”: • Passengers should be in time for their train. • (火车可能8 点开,乘客应该8点前到) • (4) at the beginning/end, in the beginning/ end • at the beginning (of)的意思是“在……开始, 在……开端”: at the end (of)的意思是“在(…的)最后,在(…的)尽头”: • At the end of a book there is often a table of contents. 书的开头常有目录。 • At the end of the book there may be an index. 书的最后有索引。 • in the beginning=at first, 意思是“起初,首先”, 常含有“后来有变化”的意思： • In the beginning we used hand tool. Later we had machines.开始我们用手工具,后来我们有了机器。

25. in the end = at last, 意思是“最后”: • At first he wanted to go , but in the end he agreed to stay with me. 开始他想走, 但最后同意留下陪我。 • 2. 用于表示时间的from, since, for, during, in: • (1)from, since, for • from一般与to或 till/ until 一起用,除了表示时间, 还 可以表示地方: • Most people work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. • It takes me over half an hour from my home to school. • Where are from? I am from the United States of America. • since 只用于表示时间, 而不能用于表示地方。其意思是 • “从…以来,…以后” 。常与现在完成时或过去完成时连用：

26. She has been there since Monday. (从星期一到现在) • She wondered where she was. They had not seen each other since their quarrel(争吵). • since还可以用作连词,引导时间状语从句或原因状语从句: • I have worked in this factory sinceI left school. • It is six years since I joined the League.= I joined the League six years ago. / I have been a League member for • six years. • Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class. • Since we’ve got no money, we can’t buy a new car. (since引导原因状语从句时,它的意思是“因为;既然” ,表示从已存在事实的基础上作出的推断。)

27. 这里顺便说一下,除since外,because, as, for还可用于表示原因。 • because“因为”; “由于”,指直接的、明确的原因,用来回答why 的问句,语气最强。as“由于；鉴于”,表示一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由,与since接近;for “因为,由于”, 表示一种间接 原因,甚至只是一种附带的说明。e.g. • The boy was absent because he was ill. • Since you have already known it. I needn’t tell you. • She stayed at home as she had no car. • This was where he spent his spare time, for he had nowhere else to go. • It must have rained last night, for the road is wet. • for用于表示一段时间: • The baby kept crying for half an hour.

28. 我去年在欧洲旅行了两个月. I travelled in Europe for two months last year. 我将永远记住我入团的那一天. I will remember the day when I joined the League for ever. “for +一段时间”也可以与现在完成时或过去完成时连用,表示一个动作一直持续到说话的时候: 他住在广州差不多三十年了。 He has lived in Guangzhou for nearly/ almost 30 years. for的这种用法可以用“since+一段时间(表示动作在什么时候开始)”替换:

29. Mr. Steave 在我校已经工作了两年。 • Mr Steave has worked in our school for two years • →Mr Steave has worked in our school since two years ago. • (2)during, in, for • during 用于指特定的时期: • during the summer during 1945 during Christmas during my holidays • 动作可以持续整个时期或只发生在时期内的某个时间: • 他上周生病了三天,在这期间他什么都没有吃。 • He was ill for three days last week, and during this time he ate nothing.

30. 去年他在假期的某个时候曾回过一次家。 • He went home once during his holidays last year. • in也适用于上面的情况, 与during的用法一样, 也就是说, 多数情况下, 当我们不强调对比或持续时间,in 或during都可以用,两者没有意思上的区别: • 我们将在今年七月间休假。 • We’ll be on holidays in / during July this year. • 我整晚醒着。 • I woke up in / during the night. • 我晚间醒过三次。 • I woke up three times in / during the night.

31. 当表示“确切什么时候”我们用in而不用during: • 例如; • 我们通常在七月度假,但去年我们在八月。 • We usually go on holiday in July, but last year we went in August. • 但“在…期间”要用during 而不用in。 • 这家商店在整个八月期间不营业（关着门）。 • The shop is closed during the whole of August. • for（表示目的）也可用于“特定时期”前： • 我去年到那儿度假。 • I went there for my holidays last year.

32. 3.用于表示时间的to, till / until: • to 可表示时间,也可表示地方;till / until只可用于表示时间。我们可以用from…to 或from…till / until: • 我们每天从早上8点到下午5点工作。 • We work from 8 a.m. to / till 5 p.m. every day. • 如果没有from, 我们用till / until 而不用to: • 让我们坚持工作到最后。 • Let’s keep working hard till the end of time. • not…till / until 的意思是“直到…才”: • 他直到凌晨三点才回家。 • He didn’t g back home until 3 a.m.

33. till / until 常用作连词,引导时间状语: • 我们将会 在这里呆到雨停。 • We’ll stay here until it stops raining. • 母亲直等到我回来才去睡觉。 • Mother didn’t go to bed until I came home. • 4. 用于表示运动方向或方式的from, to , toward(s), at, in, by, on, into, onto, off, out, out of: • (1)前面我们提到“从一个地方到另一个地方”用from…to后面跟表示目的地的名词。 • 他们去年从伦敦飞到巴黎。 • They flew from London to Paris last year.

34. 你什么时候回到英国? • When are you going back to British? • (2)arrive at / in, get to, reach • 到达大的地方我们用arrive in, 小地方用arrive at: • 我们昨天到达上海时天已经黑了。 • It was very late when we arrived Shanghai yesterday. • 我昨天很晚才到达那家旅店。 • I arrived at the hotel very late yesterday. • get to和 reach都可以指到达任何地方,都可以用于以上的例句中。 • (3) 用于交通工具的by, on, get in / into/onto/off/out of • 请留意下面句子中的介词的用法:

35. We can travel by car( in the/ my car), or by bus/rain/plane/air/ ship / sea, etc. • We can walk or go on foot. We can cycle or go on a bicycle or go on a bicycle or by bicycle. We can ride or go on horseback. • We get into a car / bus. We get / onto a bus / bicycle / horse, etc. • We get out of a car / bus. We get off a bus / bicycle / house, etc. • (4) 当要表示进出建筑物,大学和国家有点困难时, 我们用get in / into / out / out of 而不用go/ come / return 等。 • in 和out在这里用作副词: • I’ve lost my keys! How can I get into my house • / get in my house. • The house is on fire! We’d better get out of the house / • get out soon.

36. It’s not easy to get into a university. • (5) to, toward (s) • to的意思是“到(某处),向(某个方向)”: • I have never been to Beijing. • It is very far from here to my home. • I shouted to him. • toward(s)可以表示“向,朝”,说明动作或静止的状态, 或表示“对(某人, 某物的看法,态度等)”: • The window opens towards the south. • He is standing there with his face towards us. • What’s your attitude towards this matter? • 注意以上情况不可用to。

37. 5.at, in, on; in, into, on, onto: • (1)at, in, on表示时间: • at用于表示具体的时间: • Let’s meet outside the school gate at half past two p.m. • in用于表示上午,下午和傍晚: in the morning / afternoon / afternoon / evening • 但晚上我们用at night. • 前面提到, 当我们说到 某一天的上午,下午或傍晚,或者要描述它们时, 该用on而不用in: • See you on Monday morning.

38. On a cold evening in January, I was wandering sadly in the street by myself. • on用于具体的某一天: • Come back on Saturday. • We’re going to give her a surprise present on her birthday. • 整个公众假期我们用at, 假期里的一天我们用on: • Are you going home at New Year? • The children always get up early on Christmas • Day. • 周末英国人说at the weekend, 美国人说on the weekend。

39. 一些长的时期,如星期,月,季节,年和世纪用in。 • It happened in Easter(复活节) week. • What month were you born in? • I was born in May. • Our factory was built in 1960. • They usually go to the North in the summer. • What’ll happen in the 21 century? • in 还可以用来表示多快或多久: • He can run 100 metres in 9 seconds. • I’ll come again in three days. • 下列情况是不用介词的:

40. 含有next或last 的短语前: • They are coming next Tuesday. • I stayed with my family last Easter. • 含有this 或that 的短语前: • What are you doing this afternoon? • I didn’t feel well that day. • 含有one, any, each, every, some或all的短语前: • Let’s have a meeting one evening next week. • You can come any day. • We go cycling every Sunday. • We’ll meet again some day.

41. My grandpa was ill all winter last year. • (2) at, in, on表示地点: • at用来表示某个地点,这时我们并不考虑其大小空间: • I’ll wait for you at the restaurant. • I was at school from 1980 to 1992. • at含用于群体活动的名称前:at a party at a meeting at the match • in用来表示在某个地方, 这个地方有空间有大小: • I left my glasses in the bathroom. • Let’s go on / for a picnic in that field / in the country.

42. “在天上,在空中”我们说in the sky. • on用来表示在沿线上或表面上: • Uncle Wang is on his way home. • We spent the afternoon in a boat on the lake. • “在…页”我们说on page …, • 在身体的不同部位用不同的介词: • on the forehead / ear / shoulder/ nose /neck, etc. • in the eye / stomach / mouth, etc. • “打某人的脸”我们说hit somebody in the face, 但脸上表情用on: • There was a big smile on the face. 在某个部位有伤痛用in: I’ve got a pain in my head.

43. The soldier was wounded in the shoulder. • 关于地址,门牌号码用at, 街道用in, 楼层用on: • I live at number 18. • She lives in Dongfeng Road. • He lives at 10 Xihua Road. • He lives on the fifth floor. • at用于一些动词后表示攻击的目标: • shoot at throw…at shout at laugh at • 当没有攻击的意思时就用to: • throw…to shout to • “对…微笑” 是smile at。

44. 请记住一些固定的没有冠词的短语: • in bed in hospital in prison at home at school at work at university at college(在美国英语中却用in school / university / college) • (3)in, into和on, onto • in用来表示位置, 而into用来表示运动的方向: • She is in her room. • She went into her room. • 动词put后面可以用in或者into: • He put his hands in / into his pockets. • in可以用作副词: • come in =enter get in = (into the car)

45. on用来表示位置或运动方向,onto常表示运动中位置水平的变化:on用来表示位置或运动方向,onto常表示运动中位置水平的变化: • His name is on the blackboard. • Snow fell on the hills. • We lifted it onto the table. • The monkey jumped onto the horse’s back. • on可以分开写成on to。 • on可以用作副词: Go on. Come on. • 6. 其它表示方位的介词: • (1) above, over • 两词都有“在…上面, 高于…”的意思,有时可以通用:

46. Flags waved above / over our heads. • My house is near the airport The planes fly over / above my head and make great noises. 但over 通常是指“垂直于…上面, 正上方”: There’s a bridge over the river. I am in room 501, and he is in room 601. He is right over me. over 还有“多于”的意思, 可以和more than互换: There are over one thousand students in our school. (2) below, under 两词都有“在…下面”的意思。under 用于上下之间有接触的情况;below用于上下之间有空间的情况:

47. She put the book under her arm. • The glass bloke under his feet. • They live below us. • (3) • beside, by, near • Beside(=at the side of )的意思“在…旁边,指…身边;从…旁边;在…旁边(经过) ” 。有时可以与beside 通用: • His brother stood by me. • I put the vase on the table by the window. • I go by the park every day.

48. His brother passed by me without saying hello to me this morning . • She was by / beside the girl student dressed in a blue skirt. • near的意思是“在…附近”, 和by相比距离远一些: • The Whites live near the sea.(在海的附近但可能看不到海) • The Wangs live by the sea. (可以看到海) • (4) between, among • between指两者之间或多个中每两个之间: • Lily was sitting between Lucy and Ann. • Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.

49. among指一群,一组或一堆之间: • She was standing among a crowd of people. • There’s a big lake among the mountains. • 7. with 的用法: • (1) “和···一道”: • Will you play games with me? • I can get on well with them. • It’s going to rain. Don’t forget to take an umbrella with you. • (2) “对…(的 态度)”: • I am angry with what you said just now..

50. The teacher was very pleased with the students’ performances last night. • (3) “用,以”: • The little girl began to learn to write with a pen. • (4) “有,带有”: • He gave her brother a beautiful box with something in it. • She is a pretty girl with long brown hair. • (5)说明伴随情况: • I saw the man sitting there, with his head in his • hands. • His sister came in with a big smile on her face.