Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Umzinyathi results

1. Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Umzinyathi results

2. Objectives of overall project • Conduct socio-economic and demographic baseline study and situational analyses of DSD services across the 14 ISRDP and 8 URP Nodes • Integrate existing provincial research activities in the 10 ISRDP nodes of the UNFPA’s 2nd Country Programme • Monitor and evaluate local projects, provide SLA support • Identify and describe types of services being delivered (including Sexual Reproductive Health Services) • Establish the challenges encountered in terms of delivery & make recommendations regarding service delivery gaps and ultimately overall improvement in service delivery • Provide an overall assessment of impact of these services • Project began with baseline & situational analysis; then on-going nodal support; and will end in 2008 with second qualitative evaluation and a second survey, a measurement survey that looks for change over time.

3. Methodology for generating these results • First-ever integrated nodal baseline survey in all nodes, urban and rural • All results presented here based on original, primary data • Sample based on census 2001; stratified by municipality in ISRDP and wards in URP; then probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling used in both urban and rural, randomness via selection of starting point and respondent; external back-checks to ensure fieldwork quality • 8387 interviews completed in 22 nodes • Sample error margin: 1.1% - nodal error margin: 4.9% • This presentation is only Umzinyathi data: national report and results available from DSD.

4. How to read these findings • Baseline survey on 5 major areas of DSD/government work: • Poverty • Development • Social Capital • Health Status • Service Delivery • Indices created to track strengths and challenges in each area; and combined to create a global nodal index. Allows comparison within and across node, overall and by sector. • Using this index, high index score = bad news • Nodes colour-coded on basis of ranking relative to other nodes • Red: Really bad compared to others • Yellow: OK • Green: Better than others

5. Findings • Detailed baseline report available • Published November 2006 • Detailed findings across all nodes • Statistical tables available for all nodes • Background chapter of secondary data available for each node • Qualitative situation analysis available per node • This presentation • High level Umzinyathi -specific findings • Umzinyathi scorecard on key indicators • Identify key strengths/weakness for the node and target areas for interventions • What next? • 2008 will see qualitative evaluation and second quantitative survey to measure change over time

6. Umzinyathi scorecard Compared with other nodes, Umzinyathi scores worryingly badly on poverty but has scores on all other indexes - and above average on service delivery - and has an average score on the global composite index.

7. Poverty deficit Priority areas - where the nodal score is higher than the ISRDP average - include lack of electricity for lighting, informal dwellings, illiteracy and so on. Positives (in green, where the nodal score is below the average) include access to regular income and less over-crowding.

8. Poverty analysis • Compared with other ISRDP nodes, the poverty index for Umzinyathi scored a worrying below average on the index used here. Key challenges include: • The rate of unemployment among respondents was 86% • 8% respondents had no RDP water and no refuse removal respectively • 77% did not have water to RDP standards • 72% lived in informal or traditional dwellings • 68% were without electricity for lighting compared with an ISRDP average of 30% • 53% of households were headed by women, the same as the ISRDP average • 49% of respondents were functionally illiterate, an extremely high incidence, and well above the ISRDP average of 38%

9. Social capital deficit • This graph measures the social capital deficit - so high scores are bad news. • Social capital includes networks of reciprocation, trust, alienation and anomie, membership of civil society organisations, and so on. • Umzinyathi is in the middle of ISRDP nodes where the social capital deficit is concerned. It scored average on the index.

10. Social capital deficit Priority areas, in red, are those where the node is above the ISRDP average and include low CSO membership (22% above average), mistrust, lack of faith in the community solving its own problems, and so on. The positives, in green, are below the average and include lower anomie and alienation.

11. Development deficit • This index measures respondents’ awareness of development projects, of all types, carried out by government and/or CSOs. It is a perception measure - not an objective indication of what is actually happening on the ground. • Development awareness is 5th in Umzinyathi (remembering that low scores are good news, because they mean a low deficit). This is a positive finding.

12. Development Deficit Awareness of most types of development intervention is better than the ISRDP average. Where scores are worse than the average is in knowing who is providing the development service, government or civil society.

13. Service Delivery Deficit Umzinyathi ranks third on service delivery out of the 14 ISRDP nodes; it was rated 2% better in terms of service delivery than the ISRDP average.

14. Service delivery – weaknesses Weaknessesinclude most aspects of basic service delivery, e.g. quality of/ access to electricity supply was rated as 102% worse than the average for ISRDP nodes, water quality and supply was rated as 52% worse than the ISRDP average and so on

15. Service delivery – strengths Strengths: Respondents are less likely to complain about DSD services in this node when compared with the ISRDP average. For instance, respondents in this node are 43% less likely to identify no DSD office as a problem than the ISRDP average, similarly they are 31% less likely to cite no pension point when compared to the ISRDP average.

16. Service Delivery: Main Features • Other important services provided by DSD such as Children Homes, Rehabilitation Centres and Drop-In Centres worryingly received almost no mention by respondents and signals very low awareness of these critical services. • Urgent thought should be given as to how best to raise awareness across the node with respect to these under utilised services - and how to increase penetration of DSD services as well as grants in the node.

17. Umzinyathi is rated the 6th worst ISRDP node in respect of health measures Health deficit

18. Health deficit Priority Areas: Respondents are 22% more likely to report that their health prevented them from working than the ISRDP average. Poor health has also limited their social activities. Malaria incidence is deemed a strength by respondents and therefore a low priority

19. Health • Alcohol Abuse was seen as the major health problem in Umzinyathi by a third of respondents (33%, higher than the ISRDP average of 28%), followed closely by HIV and AIDS, which was reported as a significant problem by three out of ten respondents (31%, marginally higher than the average of 30% across all nodes) • Two other health problems cited by respondents as problematic in the node were TB (cited by 14% of respondents, v.s. ISRDP average of 22% ) and Cholera (12% of respondents, v.s. ISRDP average of 6%) • Men were as likely as women to rate their health as poor • Youth were as likely as older adults to rate their health as poor • Access to services also impacts the health of those in the node, with respondents in the node 4% more likely than the ISRDP average to report access to health services as a problem, in particular • 47% of respondents reported distance to health facility as being a problem • 52% of respondents reported paying for health services as being a problem • These findings highlight the key health issues facing those in the node and point to the need for an integrated approach that focusses on the issues of alcohol abuse, HIV and AIDS, TB and Cholera and also takes into account the challenges respondents face in accessing health care • With respect to Cholera, previous mention was made of the fact that respondents in this node are far more likely to perceive their water quality as poor than the ISRDP average. Hence the urgent need for an integrated approach that addresses both poverty and the health challenges of alcohol abuse, HIV and AIDS, TB and Cholera

20. Proportion who agree that both parties in a relationship should share decision - making Read as: Many in the node do not support the view that most decisions in the household require joint decision-making by both partners

21. Proportion supporting statements about female contraception Read as: Node is deeply conservative as myths about contraception are widely held, but in some instances node is better than ISRDP average.

22. Proportion who agreed that a man is justified in hitting or beating his partner in the following situations Read as: Support for violence against women in all situations is higher in this node than the ISRDP average and points to deeply negative attitudes about Gender Based Violence in the node. Disturbing to note that the differences between males and females, and young and old, in terms of attitudes towards Gender Based Violence are not large - these negative attitudes have been absorbed by men and women, young and old, and interventions are needed to break this cycle

23. Attitudes towards abortion Read as: Abortion is NOT supported by half the respondents (55%) in this node, higher than the ISRDP average (42%)

24. Sexual Reproductive Health & GBV • Findings point to the need for nuanced campaigns around contraception and their very close link with inappropriate attitudes to women in Umzinyathi • Disturbing to note the high levels of support for Gender Based Violence, coupled to very limited support for abortions and widespread belief in certain different myths about contraception. Hence the need for a campaign that is based on a solid understanding of local attitudes towards both sexual reproductive health and GBV as opposed to the interests of a national campaign • Whilst there is mixed support for joint decision-making by both partners on matters of importance, many across the node not only do not support joint decision-making but go further and endorse physically abusing women • Need to develop an integrated approach that takes poverty and the health challenges facing nodal residents into account and also integrate critical aspects of GBV and Sexual Reproductive Health • Challenge is to integrate Sexual Reproductive Health and GBV issues with other related services being provided by a range of governmental and non-governmental agencies - integration and co-ordination remain the core challenges in the ISRDP and URP nodes.

25. HIV & AIDS: Awareness levels Read as: Prevalence rates are high and secrecy is relatively higher than ISRDP average, suggesting stigmatization has yet to drop in face of the epidemic

26. HIV & AIDS: Proportion who accept the following statements Read as: High awareness of how HIV is transmitted, except with regards to Mosquitoes

27. HIV and AIDS • Evidence suggests that previous campaigns (and the high incidence of the pandemic in the node) have led to high awareness of impact of HIV and AIDS. • Encouraging to see how many in the node have correct knowledge about the transmission of the disease (node better than average scores for ISRDP), except in the case of Mosquitoes. This is however, not a surprising response in an area which is NOT usually affected by mosquito-borne diseases such as Malaria • Nevertheless, HIV and AIDS campaigns in this node need to address this gap in peoples’ knowledge • Despite high levels of poverty in this node, there is some evidence that respondents are trying to actively assist those community members who are infected and suffering • 14% are providing Home Based Care (HBC) • 2% providing direct support to orphans • These findings support the need for an urgent integrated intervention in the node that incorporates health, poverty, GBV, HIV and AIDS, in particular to providing targeted support to increase the numbers of households providing HBC and/or supporting orphans

28. Conclusions • Umzinyathi has an average  Global Development Rating.