The Carbon Cycle & Soils

1. The Carbon Cycle & Soils By C. Kohn, GLBRC

2. What is the carbon cycle? • In your groups of 4 and using your whiteboards and dry erase markers, create a definition or description of the carbon cycle. • This could include pictures as well – if you feel more comfortable making a diagram, that’s fine too. • Be ready to share!

3. Terms • The “carbon cycle” is the term for the process in which carbon transitions between organic and inorganic forms. • For example, plants absorb inorganic CO2 from the atmosphere and convert into an organic carbon molecule (sugar). • When plants are consumed or decomposed, the plant matter is converted back into CO2

4. CO2 During photosynthesis, plants assemble organic versions of carbon (including simple sugars, starch, and cellulose) using carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). O6 C6 H12 This process of assembling organic molecules of carbon is powered by the sun. H2O

5. Autumn When the plant begins to die or decompose (such as in autumn), soil organisms break down the organic carbon molecules back into CO2 and H2O. CO2 H2O

6. Review • The “carbon cycle” is the term for the process in which carbon transitions between organic and inorganic forms(for example, from CO2 to sugar) • During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to make organic versions of carbon (from simple sugars to sturdy cell walls) • When the plant begins to die or decompose (such as in autumn), soil organisms break down the organic carbon molecules back into CO2 and H2O.

7. What is NOT part of the carbon cycle? • In the carbon cycle, the carbon stays carbon – it is neither created nor destroyed. • Carbon can only change what it is bonded to. • In the atmosphere, we typically see carbon as either carbon dioxide or methane – this are the inorganic versions of carbon (they are not part of something alive). • Organic versions of carbon include sugars, cellulose (plant cell walls), and living tissue (like your own cells). • While we can increase or decrease the forms of carbon, we can’t change the total amount of carbon.

8. Respiration, decomposition, and burning increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Photosynthesis decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. CO2 CO2 C6H12O6

9. Carbon and Soil • Soil works as a sort of medium in which the carbon cycle can take place. • Along with ocean water, soil serves as a major regulator of carbon by… • Enabling plant growth and photosynthesis to occur • Allowing for slow decomposition of organic material • Creating a home for decomposers like earthworms and bacteria

10. Carbon in Balance • Normally, the carbon cycle keeps itself balanced. • Inorganic carbon is used by plants to create sugars • Organic forms of carbon convert back into CO2 when they are consumed or decomposed • Today, however, the carbon cycle is not balanced. The levels of atmospheric carbon have risen to the highest levels in recent geological history at an unprecedented rate.

11. Source: NOAA http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

12. Source: Univ. of Michigan (blue is CO2, red is temp) http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

13. Univ of Michigan 390 ppm http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/labs/Lab10_Vostok/Vostok.htm

14. Carbon Research • Researchers today are working to find methods to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. • Whiteboards: assume the role of a researcher. With a dry erase marker, list 3 ways in which atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could be lowered. • Be ready to discuss!

15. Reducing CO2 • 4 Ways in which CO2 could be reduced – • Increased photosynthesis (the more CO2 that is absorbed by plants, the less that is in the atmosphere) • Reduced usage of fossil fuels (burning a fossil fuel releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the air because coal and oil are really just dense forms of carbon) • Reduced production of (and/or increased use of) CO2 in agriculture (e.g. “Carbon Credits”) • Carbon sequestration (or “carbon traps”) – storing carbon underground or underwater • Others?

16. Review • Photosynthesis decrease CO2 in the atmosphere by converting it into sugar and other organic carbon molecules • Respiration, decomposition, and burning increase CO2 levels in the atmosphere by converting organic carbon back into CO2 • In the carbon cycle, carbon is not created or destroyed. It only changes forms. • The soil acts as a carbon cycle regulator, helping to move carbon from one form to another.

17. Review (cont) • Normally the carbon cycle balances itself. • Today CO2 levels in the atmosphere are at highs never before seen in recent geological history. • The cause for this is almost certainly human activity. • Scientists today are trying to determine ways in which we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to “re-balance” the carbon cycle.

18. Question • Imagine if a farmer could get paid to lower CO2 levels in the atmosphere. • How could he or she go about doing this?