A.P. European History Scientific Revolution v Superstition

1. A.P. European History Scientific Revolution v Superstition

2. Scientific Revolution v Superstition Astronomers 100 200 300 400 500 Medicine/ Anatomy 100 200 300 400 500 Philosophers 100 200 300 400 500 Ideas/Vocab 100 200 300 400 500 Superstition Common Life 100 200 300 400 500

3. Who was Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543? MAIN He was the Polish astronomer who wrote his, On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, and challenged the Geocentric theory of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Catholic Church. SUBJECT: Astronomers 500 400 300 200 100

4. Who was Tycho Brahe, (of the silver nose, pet moose, and exploding bladder fame)? MAIN He was the Danish astronomer, inventor, and flamboyant creator of the Observatory, Fortress of the Heavens, on the island of Hven. SUBJECT: Astronomers 500 400 300 200 100

5. Who was Maria Cunitz? MAIN She was the German astronomer who could speak 7 languages, published, Urania Propitia, on her astronomical observations and her husband had to write in the preface that she, and not him, had written the book. SUBJECT: Astronomers 500 400 300 200 100

6. Who was Galileo Galilei? MAIN He was the Italian Scientist, Astronomer, and instrument maker, who developed the laws of falling bodies, and with his telescope observed and wrote about sunspots, the valleys and mountains of the moon, and the four satellites of Jupiter. SUBJECT: Astronomers 500 400 300 200 100

7. Who was Sir Isaac Newton? MAIN He was the brilliant scientist and mathematician who was appointed head of the Royal Society of London and wrote, Principia Mathematica, which explained the motions and movement of the planets. SUBJECT: Astronomers 500 400 300 200 100

8. Who was William Harvey? MAIN He was the English Physician for James I and Charles I who formulated the theory of the body’s circulatory system. ( Some say first formulated by Physician Michael Servetus, who had the copies of his manuscript burned up along with Michael himself ). 500 400 SUBJECT: Medicine/Anatomy 300 200 100

9. MAIN Who was Andreas Vesalius? He was the Flemish physician, anatomist, who was educated by the Brotherhood of Modern Devotion, who wrote, On The Workings of the Human Body.( He is considered by many to be the Father of Modern Anatomy ) 500 400 SUBJECT: Medicine/Anatomy 300 200 100

10. Who was Robert Hooke? MAIN He was the English inventor and scientist who developed, The Law of Elasticity, used his microscope to develop the cellular theory, helped design, with Christopher Wren, London after the fire of 1666, and had a running feud with Isaac Newton. 500 400 SUBJECT: Medicine/Anatomy 300 200 100

11. Who was Ambrose Pare? MAIN He was the Physician and Surgeon for Charles IX, Henry II and III, as well as Francis II ( not a great record considering their early deaths), considered by many to be one of the Fathers of Modern Surgery, who developed an antiseptic made from Turpentine. 500 400 SUBJECT: Medicine/Anatomy 300 200 100

12. Who was Edward Jenner? MAIN He was the English country Doctor who inoculated several of his patients with cow pox vaccine and discovered a vaccine for small pox. 500 400 SUBJECT: Medicine/Anatomy 300 200 100

13. Who was Thomas Hobbes? MAIN He was the author of, The Leviathan, which describes the social contract between the governed and the ruler. He also translated Thucydides’, History of the Peloponnesian War into English. 500 400 SUBJECT: Philosophers 300 200 100

14. Who was John Locke? MAIN He was the English Physician, who in his essay, Letter on Toleration, advised religious toleration and described the human mind as a tabula rasa, or blank slate, in his Essay of Human Understanding, as well as describing natural rights in his Two Treatises of Government. 500 400 SUBJECT: Philosophers 300 200 100

15. Who was Sir Francis Bacon? MAIN He was the Englishman who advocated the use of observation and experimentation and believed that the old techniques of Aristotle and Socrates to arrive at the truth had serious flaws. 500 400 SUBJECT: Philosophers 300 200 100

16. Who was Rene Descartes? MAIN He was the French philosopher and mathematician who in his Discourse on Methods stated that all things in the universe can be explained using Math and logic. 500 400 SUBJECT: Philosophers 300 200 100

17. What was the Royal Society of London ? MAIN This was one of the earliest and the most famous of the scientific groups that grew out of a community of scientific intellectual founded in 1660. 500 400 SUBJECT: Philosophers 300 200 100

18. What was elliptical orbits? MAIN This was what Johannes Kepler stated was the orbit of planets according to the date he collected at Tycho Brahe’s observatory and using mathematical calculations. SUBJECT: Ideas-Vocabulary 500 400 300 200 100

19. What was Differential Calculus? MAIN This was the mathematics developed by both Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz, at the same time, independently of each other in different parts of Europe. SUBJECT: Ideas-Vocabulary 500 400 300 200 100

20. What is empiricism? MAIN This is the philosophical belief proposed and written about by John Locke, Sir Francis Bacon, and David Hume that all human truth is discovered by experience or observation. SUBJECT: Ideas-Vocabulary 500 400 300 200 100

21. What is rationalism? MAIN This is the belief proposed and written about by Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza that asserts that the mind is capable of recognizing reality by means of the reason, a faculty that exists independent of experience. SUBJECT: Ideas-Vocabulary 500 400 300 200 100

22. What is the Scientific Method? MAIN This is the process of stating the problem, gathering the information or data, forming a hypothesis or educated guess, experimentation to test the data, recording and analyzing, drawing conclusions, and then repeat steps. SUBJECT: Ideas-Vocabulary 500 400 300 200 100

23. What were Earth, Fire, Air, and Water? MAIN These were the four elements that Aristotle and most of Europe made up the world prior to the Scientific Revolution. 500 SUBJECT:Superstition-Common Life 400 300 200 100

24. What was alchemy? MAIN This was the Medieval science and profession that stated that a substance existed, that was the prefect combination of the four elements, that would enable a knowledgeable person to be able to convert substances into gold and silver. 500 SUBJECT:Superstition-Common Life 400 300 200 100

25. What was malificium? MAIN This was name for harmful magic and diabolical witchcraft. 500 SUBJECT:Superstition-Common Life 400 300 200 100

26. A Mighty Fortress is Our God? MAIN This was the hymn written by Martin Luther and still sung in churches today which refers to the devil and states that one little word can slay him. ( let alone nailing him with other substances) 500 SUBJECT:Superstition-Common Life 400 300 200 100

27. What was midwifery and midwives? MAIN This was the profession that was responsible for most of the births in Europe well into the 18th century and making a comeback today in many areas of the world. 500 SUBJECT:Superstition-Common Life 400 300 200 100