New World Beginnings

1. New World Beginnings Mr. Long Chapter 1

2. The Earliest Americans • Mexico/South American Native Civilizations • Agricultural (Corn) accounted for the size and sophistication of the civilizations • Developed corn around 5,000 B.C.E • They are a centralized people (NOT NOMADIC) • Inca = Peru • Mayan = Central America • Aztec = Mexico

4. The Earliest Americans • North American Tribes • Corn did not reach region until 1000 C.E = no large centralized groups. • Three-sisters farming: (beans, squash, corn) beans used corn as trellis while squash covered mounds to retain moisture = higher populations due to sustenance.

5. The Earliest Americans • North American Tribes • Iroquois- (Northeast woodlands, NE area) • Iroquois Confederacy-Chief Hiawatha brought six tribes together to form closest North American approximation to the great empires of Mexico/Peru • Created a robust military alliance which protected people from unwelcome neighbors (Natives/Europeans)

6. The Earliest Americans • North American Tribes • Plains Indians (Midwest) • Nomadic buffalo hunters • Became good on horseback after Spanish brought horses from Europe. • They evolved which allowed them to survive longer than most tribes

7. The Earliest Americans • North American Tribes • Pueblo Indians • Lived on the side of cliffs • Pueblo = village • Very intricate irrigation system allowed them to farm • Contact with Spanish in 16th century

8. Indirect Discovery of New World • Norse explorers from Scandinavia (Vikings) Landed in Newfoundland about 1000 CE • Crusades • Purpose: take back the Holy Land from Muslim rule • Cultivated a taste for fine goods (Crusaders) • Brought back desire for wealth to Europe • B/C of expense it led to search for less expensive route to Asia or another source for goods. • Marco Polo • 20yr voyage to China (Prob never got there) • His book intensified European desire for cheaper route

9. Indirect Discovery of New World (Cont’d) • Technology • New ship design (Caravel). Allowed ships to sail more directly into wind. • Mariners compass was invented • Also found new current in 1450 which allowed sailors to return to Europe by sailing Northwesterly from Africa. New doors for exploration. • Portuguese • Prince Henry the Navigator- created school for explorers = encouraged by the government • Set up trading posts in Africa (coast) for gold and slaves • Bartholomeu Dias • 1488 rounded the southern tip of Africa = New way to Asia • Vasco da Gama • 1498 reached India by sailing south around Africa • Fueled desires by returning with small cargo of jewels

10. Indirect Discovery of New World (Cont’d) • Spain • Spain is unified under Ferdinand and Isabella and the expulsion of Muslim Moors out of Spain after centuries of warfare • Spain are rivals with Portuguese = competitive spirit • B/C Portugal already controls the African Coast Spain must look for another route to Asia

11. Christopher Columbus • Sailed for Spain in 1492 • Many were scared to sail west into the unknown • At this time the world was believed to be flat but that idea is fading. • Sailed on the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria • Landed in Bahamas on October 12, 1492 (six weeks at sea) • Almost had to turn around due to mutiny by the crew • Columbus is one of the most successful failures in History!

12. Driving Forces of Exploration • European desire for more/cheaper goods from Mediterranean and beyond • Africa is source for cheap slave labor for agriculture (Portuguese) • Portuguese proved long-range ocean navigation possible • Spain was now a modern nation-state with unity, wealth and power to handle discovery, conquest and colonization. • The dawn of the Renaissance nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure. • The Printing Press (1450) facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge • The Mariners compass was invented which made navigation easier. New Technology

13. When Two Worlds Collide • What Happens When You Take Two Different Things (People, Places, Customs, ETC) And Mix Them? • Columbian Exchange- The exchange of two ecosystems both good and badbetween the New World and Old World. • What can you tell me? What is good and bad about the sharing of ideas/ways of life from Old World to New World?

15. When Two Worlds Collide New World Old World Horses Livestock Disease (yellow fever, malaria, etc) Caused as much as 90% of Native peoples to die within centuries of Columbus’ landfall. Sugar cane Led to Sugar Revolution = more slaves. • Tobacco • Corn • Beans • Tomatoes • Potatoes • Syphilis • Perhaps 3/5 of crops cultivated around world today originated in the Americas.

16. When Two World Collide The Columbian Exchange creates a new interdependent global economic system Europe provides… Markets (consumers) Technology Finances New World provides… Raw materials Europe saw New World as a source of goods not as something that could survive on its own.

18. The Spanish Conquistadores • Europeans were thirsty for the prizes of the American continents. • Gold/Silver of advanced Indian civilizations (Mexico/Peru) • Agricultural Products • Land • Treaty of Tordesilias (1494)- Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing the “heathen lands” of the New World. • Spain got the majority of the land (they went west) • Portugal got lands of Africa, Asia and Brazil • WHO GOT THE BETTER DEAL? Why? • We begin to see a shift in power from Portugal to Spain in exploration.

19. The Spanish Conquistadores • Conquistadores- Explorers for Gold, God and Country • Vasco Nunez Balboa- Discovered the Pacific Ocean (1513) • Ferdinand Magellan- 1519-1522 completed the first circumnavigation of the world. • Juan Ponce de Leon- 1513-1521 landed in Florida in search of gold (not Fountain of Youth). Killed by Indians • Francisco Coronado- Found the Pueblo Indians. Found Grand Canyon and Colorado River. Went as far as Kansas • Hernano de Soto- 1539-1542 Took 600 man military force through Florida and marched west in search of gold. Discovered the Mississippi River. Very cruel to Indians.

20. The Spanish Conquistadores Fransisco Pizarro- 1532 He conquered the Incan empire in Peru adding a huge amount of silver to the Spanish treasury. By 1600 Spain had so much New World wealth it caused enormous inflation (500%). May have fed the growth of capitalism Spain set up its own testing grounds for invading on the islands of the Caribbean due to increased desire for gold. Encomienda- This allowed the Spanish government to give Indians to colonists in return for a promise to Christianize them. Slavery in all but name. Hernan Cortes- Conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico for Spain. His attacks along with disease killed the Mexican Population (20million to 2 million in less then a century) Attacked Capital (Tenochtitlan) Aztec’s thought he was a god (rode on a horse from west) Cortez did intermarry (mestizes- people of mixed Indian/European heritage) Don juan de Onate- 1598 Abused Pueblo people along Rio Grande We see the growing harsh treatment of natives by the Spanish (Trend)

21. Black Legend Conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox and left little but misery behind. The misdeeds of the Spanish in the New World obscured their substantial achievements.

22. Spread of the Spanish Empire Other European nations began to covet the wealth gained by Spain (English and French) = COMPETITION English: Sent Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)- 1497 and 1498 he explored the Northeastern coast of North America French: Sent many explorers to North America in search of wealth The Spanish began to build forts to protect against what they saw as growing threats.