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Mutations

Mutations. Mutations. 1. Changes in DNA sequences that affect genetic information are known as. replications. transformations. translations. mutations. Mutations. 2. The word mutation comes from the Latin word mutare , which means. duplication replication to change the effect.

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. Mutations 1. Changes in DNA sequences that affect genetic information are known as • replications. • transformations. • translations. • mutations.

  3. Mutations 2. The word mutation comes from the Latin word mutare, which means • duplication • replication • to change • the effect

  4. Mutations 3. Gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as • point mutations. • mutagens. • polyploidy. • chromosomal mutations.

  5. Mutations 4. A point mutation where one base is changed to a different base in a DNA sequence is called a(n) • insertion. • deletion. • polyploidy. • substitution.

  6. Mutations 5. A point mutation where a base is either inserted into or deleted from a DNA sequence is called a(n) • substitution mutation. • frameshift mutation. • polyploidy mutation. • mutagen.

  7. Mutations 6. Identify the type of point mutation that has occurred in the mutant sequence. Original sequence A T G C G G A C T G T A… Mutant sequence A T G C G A C T G T A… G • Substitution mutation. • Frameshift due to an insertion • Frameshift due to a deletion • Polyploidy mutation.

  8. Mutations 7. Identify the type of point mutation that has occurred in the mutant sequence. Original sequence A T G C G G A C T G T A… Mutant sequence A T G C T G A C T G T A… G T • Substitution mutation • Frameshift due to an insertion • Frameshift due to a deletion • Polyploidy mutation

  9. Mutations 8. Identify the type of point mutation that has occurred in the mutant sequence. Original sequence A T G C G G A C T G T A… Mutant sequence A T G T C G GA C T G T A… T • substitution mutation. • frameshift due to an insertion • Frameshift due to a deletion • polyploidy mutation.

  10. Mutations 9. Which base of the codon UCA, when substituted, would have the least effect on the amino acid it codes for? • U (the first base) • C (the second base) • A (the third base) • There will always be an effect

  11. Mutations 10. Which type of mutation would most likely cause a major change the shape of a protein? • Substitution of one nucleotide • Substitution of two nucleotides • Substitution of three nucleotides • Insertion of one nucleotide Remember, insertions and deletions cause frameshifts.

  12. Mutations 11. A substitution mutation occurred in the middle of a gene, causing the protein it codes for to become nonfunctional. The affected codon was changed from UAC to UAA. Explain why the protein doesn’t work. UAC codes for the amino acid Tyrosine. UAA codes for a stop codon. Since the mutation occurred in the middle of the gene, the resulting protein would be way too short to function.

  13. Mutations 12. True or False: “All mutations are harmful.” False

  14. Mutations 13. The blue amino acids are hydrophilic (water loving). The yellow amino acids are hydrophobic (water fearing). How might the shape of the membrane protein shown below change if a substitution mutation changes serine (ser) to valine (val)? Val Cys Glu Asn Phe Gln Thr Ser Lys Leu Cys Asp Ala Membrane protein Cell membrane

  15. Mutations 13. The blue amino acids are hydrophilic (water loving). The yellow amino acids are hydrophobic (water fearing). How might the shape of the membrane protein shown below change if a substitution mutation changes serine (ser) to valine (val)? The protein’s shape may change significantly as valine tries to move towards the oily region of the cell membrane. Val Ala Glu Asn Phe Gln Thr Ser Lys Leu Cys Cys Asp Cys Val Glu Asn Phe Gln Thr val Lys Leu Cys Asp Ala After mutation Before mutation Cell membrane

  16. Mutations 14. List four types of chromosomal mutations. • Deletion • Duplication • Inversion • Translocation

  17. Mutations 15. A substance that can cause a change in the DNA code of an organism is called a • toxin. • mutagen. • nitrogenous base. • nucleotide.

  18. Mutations 16. Name a common chemical that is considered a mutagen. • Insecticides • Cigarette smoke • Pollution • Heavy metals

  19. Mutations 17. Name a common physical mutagen. • X-rays • Gamma rays • Ultraviolet rays

  20. Mutations Use the diagrams below to answer the question. “Normal” chromosome Mutant 1 Mutant 2 18. Mutant 1 is a(n) a. deletion. b. inversion. c. translocation. d. duplication.

  21. Mutations Use the diagrams below to answer the question. “Normal” chromosome Mutant 1 Mutant 2 19. Mutant 2 is a(n) a. deletion. b. inversion. c. translocation. d. duplication.

  22. Mutations 20. Give a few examples of harmful mutations. • Cystic fibrosis • Sickle cell disease • Hemophilia • Down syndrome • Stunted wings • Albinism

  23. Mutations 21. Give a few examples of beneficial mutations. • Pesticide resistance (beneficial for the insect) • Lactose tolerance • Stronger bones • Ability to be very flexible • Ability to sing extremely well • Amazing muscles Myostatin hypertrophy

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