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DO NOW:

DO NOW:. What is cognition (it’s okay to guess)? Prepare your spring break extra credit to turn in (if you have it). Cognition. AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 4.5.2010. THINKING. Objective: SWBAT define cognition. THINKING.

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DO NOW:

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  1. DO NOW: • What is cognition (it’s okay to guess)? • Prepare your spring break extra credit to turn in (if you have it).

  2. Cognition AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 4.5.2010

  3. THINKING • Objective: SWBAT define cognition.

  4. THINKING • Cognition: the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

  5. Concepts • Objective: SWBAT describe the roles of categories, hierarchies, definitions, and prototypes in concept formation.

  6. Concepts • concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

  7. Concepts What makes a “chair” a chair?

  8. Concepts • concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

  9. Concepts • To simplify concepts down even more, we organize them into hierarchies. • Some concepts are formed by definition. • e.g. a triangle is a figure with three sides, therefore all three sided objects are triangles.

  10. Concepts • prototype: a mental image or best example of a category. • Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category. • The more closely something matches our prototype of a concept, the more readily we recognize it as an example of the concept.

  11. Solving Problems • Objective: SWBAT compare algorithms and heuristics as problem-solving strategies, and explain how insight differs from both of them.

  12. Solving Problems • Solving problems is one way that we form and use concepts.

  13. Solving Problems • algorithm: a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. • e.g. SPLOYOCHYG • We could try our every combination of these letters one-by-one to figure out what the word is, but this would give us 907,200 options.

  14. Solving Problems • heuristic: a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. • Speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms. • With our example, we can use heuristics to reduce the number of options. • e.g. SPLOOCHGYY

  15. Solving Problems • insight: a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. • This contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

  16. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Objective: SWBAT contrast the confirmation bias and fixation, and explain how they can interfere with effective problem solving.

  17. Obstacles to Problem Solving • confirmation bias: a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. • We look for evidence that confirm our ideas more often than we look for evidence that might refute them.

  18. Obstacles to Problem Solving • fixation: the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. • Slows down problem solving.

  19. Obstacles to Problem Solving • mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. • O-T-T-F-?-?-? • J-F-M-A-?-?-?

  20. Obstacles to Problem Solving • functional fixedness: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. • Hunting for a screwdriver when you could have used a coin.

  21. MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS • Using and Misusing Heuristics • Objective: SWBAT contrast the representativeness and availability heuristics, and explain how they can cause us to underestimate or ignore important information.

  22. MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS • representativeness heuristic: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. • This may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

  23. MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS • availability heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. • if examples come easily to mind, we assume such events are common.

  24. Overconfidence • Objective: SWBAT describe the drawbacks and advantages of overconfidence in decision making.

  25. Overconfidence • overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments. • Confidence is not necessarily related to correctness; people who are very confident can be just as incorrect.

  26. Framing Decisions • Objective: SWBAT describe how others can use framing to elicit from us the answers they want.

  27. Framing Decisions • framing: the way an issue is posed. • How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. • e.g. 75% lean vs. 25% fat.

  28. Belief Bias • Objective: SWBAT discuss how our preexisting beliefs can distort our logic.

  29. Belief Bias • belief bias: the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

  30. Belief Bias • Premise 1: Democrats support free speech. • Premise 2: Dictators are not Democrats. • Conclusion: Dictators do not support free speech.

  31. The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon • Objective: SWBAT describe the remedy for the belief perseverance phenomenon.

  32. The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon • belief perseverance: clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

  33. The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon • To counter the belief perseverance phenomenon, consider the opposite. • e.g. Given a side in a debate, it’s easier to ignore evidence that counters your beliefs.

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