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The West

The West. Mountain Men, Texans, and Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny. map. Early Interest in the West. Early settlers sought beaver skins as early as 1811 in the Oregon backcountry. In the Southwest the collapse of the Spanish Empire flooded the region with an assortment of settlers.

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The West

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  1. The West Mountain Men, Texans, and Manifest Destiny

  2. Manifest Destiny

  3. map

  4. Early Interest in the West • Early settlers sought beaver skins as early as 1811 in the Oregon backcountry. • In the Southwest the collapse of the Spanish Empire flooded the region with an assortment of settlers. • A few New Englanders settled in California and exploited the sea-otter trade. • Many Indians relocated from eastern lands to present-day Oklahoma.

  5. Manifest Destiny • Phrase coined in 1845 by John L. O’Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review. • Expressed conviction that the development of a superior system of government and lifestyle dictated a God-given right of Americans to spread their civilization to the four corners of the continent. • Territorial expansion was a mandate of Manifest Destiny.

  6. Fur Trade Pelts link Beaver Pelt Hats Beaver trap

  7. The Fur Trade

  8. American Fur Company • American Fur Company, chartered by John Jacob Astor (1763–1848) in 1808 • An alliance made in 1821 with interests in St. Louis gave the company a monopoly of the trade in the Missouri River region and later in the Rocky Mts. The company was one of the first great American trusts. It maintained its monopoly by the customary early practice of buying out or crushing any small company that threatened opposition.

  9. Mountain Rendezvous • From 1825 through 1840, the mountain men looked fondly on the coming up mountain rendezvous each year.  It was the social and business event of the year for the fur trappers and traders •           At each mountain rendezvous camp, the location for the next years mountain rendezvous camp was announced. After the business of trading the beaver pelts for the essentials of life in the mountains, the mountain men got down to the serious business of gambling, drinking, telling tall tales, target shooting and general socializing

  10. The Mountain Men • The annual rendezvous was an occasion of rough celebration—for many of the mountain men the nearest approach to civilization that they had for several years at a stretch. Prominent among the mountain men were Thomas Fitzpatrick, James Bridger, Jedediah S. Smith, Kit Carson, John Colter, William Sublette, Hugh Glass, W. S. (Old Bill) Williams, and Ceran St. Vrain. The country of the Southwest where Carson, the Bent brothers, Ewing Young, and others traded among the “civilized” Native Americans is also often considered part of the territory of the mountain men.

  11. Texas

  12. Settlement of Texas • In 1821 Moses Austin secured a colonization grant from the Spanish authorities in San Antonio. He died from the rigors of his return trip from that distant outpost, but his son, Stephen F. Austin, had the grant confirmed and in Dec., 1821, led 300 families across the Sabine River to the region between the Brazos and Colorado rivers, where they established the first American settlement in Texas. Austin is known as the father of Texas. link

  13. Mexican Texas • Mexico imposed two conditions on land ownership: settlers had to become Mexican citizens and they had to convert to Roman Catholicism. By l830 there were l6,000 Americans in Texas. At that time, Americans formed a 4-to-1 majority in Texas. • Relations between the Texans and Mexico reached a new low when Mexico forbid further emigration into Texas by settlers from the United States. (April 6, 1830) link2 link1

  14. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • A Mexican politician and soldier, became Mexico's president. In 1834, he overthrew Mexico's constitutional government, abolished state governments, and made himself dictator. When Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to try to settle the Texans' grievances, Santa Anna imprisoned him in a Mexican jail for a year.

  15. Independence • On March 1, the Convention of 1836 begins meeting to sign a new constitution and form a new government.On March 2, the Texas Declaration of Independence is adopted.

  16. Remember the Alamo link • 200 Defenders led by Col. William Travis and Texas volunteers including famed frontiersmen Davey Crockett and Sam Bowie • Santa Anna’s 5000 soldiers won the fort at a loss of 1,500 of his soldiers

  17. His involvement in the War of 1812 launched Houston's political career. In 1823, he was elected to Congress, and reelected in 1825. In 1827 he won the governorship. Two years later, in the midst of his re-election campaign, Houston and his new wife, Eliza Allen, separated. Rumors of infidelity and alcoholism swirled around him, and in April 1829 he moved to Indian lands in Arkansas. Sam Houston

  18. San Jacinto • Remembering the Alamo, Houston’s army grumbled during a long retreat. • Near the present city of Houston, Houston chose to strike • In 18 minutes the Texans killed 600 Mexican Soldiers and captured Santa Anna • They released him when he signed the Treaty of Velasco, recognizing Texan independence

  19. Houston Continued • With the outbreak of the Texas Revolution, Houston was quickly elevated to the command of the ragtag Texas Army. He kept up a retreat from the Mexican army for over a month, despite the condemnation of his supposed comrades and allegations of drunkenness. Finally, when the Mexican general Santa Anna split his forces in April, Houston ordered the attack at San Jacinto that gained Texas its independence. • The newly independent Lone Star Republic made Houston its first President in 1836, and he filled the office again in 1841, after an interim term by Mirabeau B. Lamar. As President, he secured United States recognition of Texas and stabilized the republic's finances.

  20. Fifty-Four Forty Or Fight! Americans supported Polk in his push to claim the Oregon Territory that was jointly controlled by the British and the United States. 54-40 was a northern border of the territory, well into modern day Canada Settlers began streaming into the fertile Willamette Valley in Oregon James Polk link

  21. Those Going West • Most emigrants sought wealth in the form of gold and silver. • Others sought new homestead for farmland • Other sought to set up businesses as merchants or land speculators. • Some traveled to the warmer climate to restore their health. • Others followed the direction of church leaders for religious or cultural missions.

  22. Santa Fe Trail • 1821 - William Becknell, a Missouri trader, was the first to follow the route that later became known as the Santa Fe Trail. The Santa Fe Trail was established to haul freight from Kansas City to Santa Fe, New Mexico and to trade with the Spanish. link link

  23. The Oregon Question, 1844 - 1846 • Although disputed by both America and England, President Polk claimed settlement of Americans in the territory as a “presumption of possession.” • The British government did not agree but were powerless to stop thousands of settlers migrating to Oregon. • Despite slogans and diatribe, Polk was unwilling to fight and sought a diplomatic resolution to the issue. • England eagerly accepted Vancouver Island in return for dropping her claims to Oregon.

  24. Oregon Trail

  25. Mormon Migration Wiki link • Intersection of Western Migration theme and religious reform/revivalism • Originated in the so-called Burned Over District in upstate New York • 14 year-old Joseph Smith had a vision in Palmyra, NY • 3 years later an angel named Moroni led him to a hill where he found what is today, the book of Mormon, carved on golden tablets in “reformed Egyptian” • Later, with special stones, he translated into English what he perceived to be a lost section of the bible. olivercowdery.com/census/Genesee3.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg/225px-Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg

  26. Mormon Migration • Smith was effective at attracting converts from the Burned-Over District • The Mormon approach to religion and life was communal based. The community was the focus instead of the individual. • This runs against the traditional American grain. • Mormons quickly began to face persecution for their radical alteration of Christianity and relocated westward several times to seek a safer haven. • They fled New York, then Ohio, then Missouri, and then Illinois

  27. Anti-Mormonism link • an executive order (since called the Extermination Order) by Missouri governorLilburn Boggs declaring "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." The Extermination Order was not formally rescinded until 1976. • The city of Nauvoo had become the largest in Illinois, the city council was predominantly Mormon, and the Nauvoo Legion (the Mormon militia) had grown to a quarter of the size of the U.S. Army. • Other issues of contention included polygamy, freedom of speech, anti-slavery views during Smith’s presidential campaign, and the deification of man. • Joseph Smith, Jr. was arrested and incarcerated in and then he and his brother were killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Martyrdom_of_Joseph_and_Hiram_Smith_%281851_lithograph%29.jpg

  28. A depiction of the killing of Joseph Smith

  29. Joseph Smith’s successor, Brigham Young, decided that the time had come to leave the country. • He carefully planned a migration to the Mexican Great Salt Lake region. • In 1846 they set up a series of stations to help migrants. The vehicle of choice was the handcart. • 15,000 Mormons migrated beginning in 1847. • By that time the territory was in the possession of the United States.

  30. The Mormon Migration http://www.irwinator.com/126/w40.jpg http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/trailsdemo/images/big/whj040mormonhandcarts.jpg

  31. The Mormon “Trek” http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AntebellumReformers.ppt

  32. The first settlers arrived in 1847 in what would only seem to be a paradise for the lizard, the cricket and the rattlesnake. • By necessity, the Mormons needed to quickly be able to make the desert bloom. • The conditions helped forge a more tightly knit community. • They innovated the technique of dry farming and quickly began to grow throughout the present day Mountain West region.

  33. Under the governorship of political and theocratic leader Brigham Young, they created the state of Deseret, with colonies spreading from Idaho to Southern California. • Congress created the Utah territory but allowed the Mormons to dominate the territory politically. • Later the Mormons lost control of the territorial government after engaging in a small war with United States troops. • The Mormons were successful in establishing a major religion to the world from their Utah haven.

  34. California Gold Rush

  35. Striking Gold! • Forty-Two Years after Lewis and Clark’s expedition concluded gold was struck in Northern California • January 24, 1848 - James Marshall strikes gold while mining • The land was owned by Captain John Sutter and was near San Francisco https://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/gold-rush-powerpoint4689.ppt

  36. The Rush is On! • Northern California becomes the place to be in 1849. • Thousands travel west with “Gold Fever” to reach the region in hopes of striking it rich! • These people were known as “49ers” because they picked up everything and moved west in 1849. https://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/gold-rush-powerpoint4689.ppt

  37. Which Route is the Best?Overland Route Water Routes https://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/gold-rush-powerpoint4689.ppt

  38. California Gold Rush • 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California Sierra Nevadas • San Francisco residents abandon city to pan for gold • Gold Rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849 • Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from Asia, S.America and Europe http://webtech.cherokee.k12.ga.us/woodstock-hs/KirkScharich/Ch.9%20US%20slides.ppt#257,2,Changing Economic Activities

  39. Impact of Gold Fever • San Francisco becomes supply center for miners and major port • By 1849 California’s pop. Exceeds 100,000 • Chinese, free blacks and Mexicans migrate in large numbers • Slavery is permitted until outlawed by 1849 constitutional convention • California joins Union in 1850 http://webtech.cherokee.k12.ga.us/woodstock-hs/KirkScharich/Ch.9%20US%20slides.ppt#257,2,Changing Economic Activities

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