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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION. 2.1 : Cell Structure and Function. Cellular Components of Animal Cell. Cellular Components of Plants Cell. Functions of Cellular Components of Animals & Plants Cell. Plasma membrane. The outer covering of the cell Functions:

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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

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  1. CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION 2.1 : Cell Structure and Function

  2. Cellular Components of Animal Cell Tr.Rez@SB2013

  3. Cellular Components of Plants Cell Tr.Rez@SB2013

  4. Functions of Cellular Components of Animals & Plants Cell Tr.Rez@SB2013

  5. Plasma membrane • The outer covering of the cell • Functions: • separates the cell from its environment and allows materials to enter and leave the cell • Consist of two layer of phospholipids Tr.Rez@SB2013

  6. Tr.Rez@SB2013

  7. Cell wall • Provides support & protection for the cell • Prevents the cell from bursting in dilute solutions Tr.Rez@SB2013

  8. Cytoplasm • Gives shape to the cell • Supports & protects the cell organelles • In general, it provides a medium for all cellular metabolic reactions • Provides a medium to produce energy, to manufacture materials & to store minerals Tr.Rez@SB2013

  9. Nucleus • Controls all the cell activities • Separates the genetic material (chromatin) from cytoplasm • Has many pores (nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for materials to enter & exit the nucleus Tr.Rez@SB2013

  10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • ER with ribosomes embedded on its surface • Synthesizes & transports proteins made by ribosomes • Present in large amounts in cell that makes protein • E.g. in gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes Tr.Rez@SB2013

  11. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Does not have ribosomes • Synthesizes & transport lipids • Present in large amounts in cells that make lipids & steroids • E.g. cell of liver & testes Tr.Rez@SB2013

  12. Golgi Apparatus • Receives proteins from Rough ER, then modifies & combines the proteins with carbohydrates to form glyco-protein • Transport & stores lipids Tr.Rez@SB2013

  13. Mitochondrion • Forms the cell’s powerhouse • Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source for the cell Tr.Rez@SB2013

  14. Lysosomes • Generally for breaking down food and foreign materials • Digest proteins, lipids and carbohydrates • Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal Tr.Rez@SB2013

  15. Ribosomes • Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm • Are small ‘protein factories’ for protein synthesize Tr.Rez@SB2013

  16. Chloroplast • Contain chlorophyll in the grana to “trap” sunlight energy • Functions: • Carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll of the grana Tr.Rez@SB2013

  17. Centrioles • Are found only in animals cells • Involved in cell division (mitosis & meiosis) • Migrate to the opposite poles of the cell (during cell division), produce spindle to assist the movement of chromosomes Tr.Rez@SB2013

  18. Vacuole • Generally for storage , digestion & waste removal • Central vacuole in plants for storage & cell expansion • Food vacuoles in amoeba for phagocytosis • Contractile vacuoles in paramecium expel water Tr.Rez@SB2013

  19. The Density of Certain Organelles in Relation to Functions of Specific Cells Tr.Rez@SB2013

  20. What are organelles? • “little organs” • Are tiny structures inside a cell that perform specific functions for the cell • 3 main functions of organelles: • Carry out their specialized functions: • E.g. Mitochondria; FUNCTION? • Acts as containers to separate parts of the cell from other parts • E.g. lysosomes • Sites for chemical reaction • E.g. Choloroplast Tr.Rez@SB2013

  21. Relationship between the Density & Functions of certain Organelles • Density of an organelles : • total number of that particular organelles within a cell • depends on the function of the cell • This is to make sure that the cell can perform its specialized functions well • E.g. • Cell that specialize in producing enzyme generally have more ER & ribosomes to synthesize protein & mitochondria to supply enough energy for its activities Tr.Rez@SB2013

  22. The density of mitochondria in active cells • Depends on: • The activity level of an organism • The more active an organism is, the higher its average density of mitochondria • The specific function of a particular cell • Cell of active tissues & organs have higher mitochondria densities • Active cells that have high mitochondria densities: • Sperm cells, flight muscle cells, meristemic cells, liver cells, kidney cells Tr.Rez@SB2013

  23. The density of Chloroplast in the Palisade Mesophyll Cells of Leaves • Palisade mesophyll of a leaf is : • the main photosynthesis tissue • Packed with chloroplast to trap sunlight needed to synthesize sugar during photosynthesis • Are arranged in a vertical position to optimise sunlight trapping Tr.Rez@SB2013

  24. HOMEWORK Tr.Rez@SB2013

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