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Understanding the Building Blocks of Matter: Quarks, Forces, and the Standard Model

This guide explores the fundamental constituents of matter, including electrons, protons, neutrons, and quarks. It discusses the four fundamental forces of nature—strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravity—and how they interact to form atoms and molecules. Additionally, we delve into the Higgs mechanism, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the role of the Higgs field in particle mass generation. The potential existence of supersymmetric particles and their implications for unifying forces and dark matter are also examined, bridging the concepts of particle physics and cosmology.

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Understanding the Building Blocks of Matter: Quarks, Forces, and the Standard Model

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  1. What the matters are made out of ? electrons（e） proton （p） water （H2O） 3 quarks oxygen atom （O） neutron （n） 3 quarks http://atlas.kek.jp/public/HiggsCERNOpenDays_A4.pdf (or _each.pdf or _each.pptx)

  2. d Quarks are very strange !! u u u • Single quark never come out. • They have fractional charges: • up quarks • down quarks • - Strong forces between quarks. proton neutron pion

  3. There are 4 forces in Nature Electro- magnetic Strong>>Weak>>>Gravity Light, atom, crystal, radio, TV, phone, car, rain, thunder,….. Sun/star energy, radio activities.. …… Falling apples, planet motions, satellite……. Bind quarks and making nucleus These forces are carried by Gluons PhotonsW, Z bosons Gravitons

  4. Elements of the Standard Model Mass

  5. Introduced Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown (1959) CERNT-shirt Y. Nambu 2013 2008 1979 R. Brout&F. Englert, P.Higgs Found BEH mechanism (1964) Standard Model Higgs field f must exist to generate particle masses. S.WeinbergA.Salam QCD of strong interactions (1973) Proposed Electro-weak theory (1967)

  6. Potential Energy by Higgs field F=Higgs field free motion Glashow-Weinberg-Salam Model Higgs-electron coupling Symmetry Breakdown We are here h= wave function of Higgs particle Vacuum expectation value Mass of electron Mass of Higgs

  7. g hot universe u Z Speed of light g H u H H H cold universe H H H H H H H H Z H Sea of the Higgs field (weak forcesensitive) H H H H

  8. Sta SUSY particles may exist ? SUSY = symmetry between Bosons and Fermions. Spins of SUSY particles differ from those of SM. If SUSY particles exist at ~1 TeV, then 3 forces can unify at high energy. It avoids quantum divergence of Higgs particle mass. Some SUSY particles can be dark matters. Standard Model Super Symmetric Model

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