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Pretrial Identification. Composite sketches can be used when suspect is unknown. When police lack probable cause for an arrest or exigent circumstances are present, a showup (where a victim or witness views a suspect singly, not in a group) is admissible. Pretrail ID.
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Pretrial Identification • Composite sketches can be used when suspect is unknown. • When police lack probable cause for an arrest or exigent circumstances are present, a showup (where a victim or witness views a suspect singly, not in a group) is admissible.
Pretrail ID • When a suspect is in custody or has been charged with a crime, lineups are used. • When police have photos of a suspect, photo arrays can be shown (must have six or more persons and must be alike in age, race, size, and dress).
Other Identification Circumstances • Identification might occur in an inadvertent confrontation by a witness or a victim, or • An in-court identification.
The Forensic Artist · A forensic artist is called in when a sketch of a person is needed to notify the public that he/she is missing, identify a suspect, or eliminate a suspect. · Usually, the forensic artist goes about his/her job by carefully listening to an eyewitness or victim’s description of the missing person, then accurately translating his/her depiction into a composite drawing. Picture: www.ppdonline.org/ ppd_reports.htm · This sketch is then put on flyers, and given to the police, television news stations, etc. in order to help with the search.
Forensic Artist Levels of qualifications • 120 hours of education: 80 hours of composite art from an approved school and 40 hours in related courses • A minimum of five years with a bona fide law enforcement agency • Five successful composite drawings (hits), including written description of case specifics and how the drawings were completed • Three letters of recommendation, one from a supervisor certifying the submitted drawing samples • A written, practical, and verbal exam including an "on the spot" composite sketch based on a pre-selected photographed "suspect"
In the United States, forensic artists are also trained in • human anatomy • odontology (study of teeth) • Age progression • Psychology • 3D imagery. • Their talents are called upon for courtroom sketches, "wanted" posters, drafting crime scenes, medical drawings for autopsies, and facial reconstruction from skulls.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG_XTFczArg Composite artistry 7min
Forensic Artist and Missing Children · If a child is missing for a long period of time, or an unidentified skeleton of a missing child is found, the forensic artist is called upon to help make a sketch of the missing child. · In cases like these, when the forensic artist needs to work from an old photograph or a skull, a facial reconstruction artist is called to help. Picture: www.headsketch.com · The facial reconstruction artist uses either a 2D or 3D technique to construct the face of a missing child from a skeleton, or an old photo. Picture: www.epm.ornl.gov/viz/apps/f-skull.jpg
2-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction Procedures: · The unidentified skull is placed on a stand, in the Frankfort Horizontal position. · Tissue markers are placed on the skull. · A ruler is placed beside the skull. · Photos are taken of the skull’s frontal and profile views. · The photos are taped side by side, in the Frankfort Horizontal position, on two separate flat wooden boards. · Transparent natural vellum sheets are taped down on top of the photographs. · Following the skull’s natural contours, and using tissue markers as guidelines, the forensic artist creates a sketch of the unidentified person. · Approximate measurements for the mouth, nose, and eyes are made. · Hair type, and style are determined by other evidence collected from the crime scene that give clues as to the kind of life the unidentified person led. Picture: www.crimelibrary.com/forensics/art/images/Two-dimensional-facial-reco.jpg
Age Progression If a child is missing for an extensive period of time, and only outdated pictures are available; a forensic artist may use age progression to help in the identification process. Procedure: - An outdated picture or sketch of child is period of time is obtained. - Information is gathered on the suspect or victim, such as: lifestyle, genetics (for weight considerations) and occupations, etc. - The artist produces an educated estimation on how the individual should look. Picture: www.missingkids.com/assets/images/age.jpg Picture: www.cnnw.net/~nmclc/Pca24.JPG
Computer Generated Age Progression · If computer software is used, the artist can use image enhance to add features such as eyeglasses, mustaches, beards, hats, different hair styles, and numerous other items on the photo. · Computer programs such as Photoshop are used to paint directly on a digitized photograph of the victim. Picture: www.chilhavisto.rai.it/CLV/img/ C/Celentano/grandi/AGING.JPG Picture: www.ncsd.com/MissingChildren/mort-today.JPG
Forensic Artist • Let’s give it a try….
Now use your police sketch pieces to create the face. Add in your own sketches
How do Descriptions of the Suspect Help officers? • They can give the police reasonable suspicion to perform “stops” in the neighborhood and elsewhere • The descriptions may be compared to descriptions given by witnesses and victims.
How do Descriptions of the Suspect Help Officers? (Cont.) • Detailed descriptions matching the defendants can significantly increase the reliability of identifications made later by victims and witnesses. • Testimony by the investigating officers (and victims/witnesses) in court concerning prior descriptions provides important evidence for the juries and judges.
Determining the Reliability of Identification Evidence: Neil v. Biggers Guidelines • When eyewitness identification evidence is presented, defense lawyers can cross-examine the ID witnesses, and can argue, in summation, as to factors causing doubts in the accuracy of the identification.
Lineups • Lineupsare fairly formal, and usually occur after charges have been filed and occur in a police station instead of “in the field.” Suspects DO have the right to an attorney at this point.
Using lineupsto obtain identification evidence • Judges’ rules for lineups: • Lineups should be used whenever practical and must be used in situations where showups would not be authorized. • Lineups not only minimize suggestions but also increase the reliability of the identification evidence. • They are used to test recognition in a manner that avoids suggestiveness.
Photo “Lineups” • Suspect is not present; only their photograph is viewed • The court has said the police must use at least 8 “suspects” to compare from • Witnesses must view the photo’s independently of any other witnesses • The photographic array must be maintained for court purposes
Photo “Lineups” • Photographs must not be “suggestive” to identify the suspect. • Photographs should be shown one photo at a time and the person showing the photos should not have knowledge of which photo is the suspect.
Obtaining identification evidence by other means • Sketches can be done by an artist or with identi-kit with the assistance of one witness or the input of a number of witnesses. • Surveillance cameras, cell phones, cameras, and camcorders • Unusual features: tattoos, scars, etc. • Clothing • Voice identification
Obtaining Evidence by Other Means (Cont.) • Spectrograms/“voice printing” • Fingerprint and DNA banks • Amber Alert System • Biometrics
