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Chapter Seven

Chapter Seven. Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Defining Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

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Chapter Seven

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  1. Chapter Seven Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  2. Defining Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • ADHD is described as “a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) • ADHD is not a separate disability category; it is in the Other Health Impaired (OHI) category • Students with ADHD may be eligible for special education or Section 504 services

  3. Brief History of the Field • 1902- “defective moral conduct” • 1930s- discovery of stimulant medications • 1940s and 1950s- Strauss syndrome • 1950s and 1960s- “minimal brain injury” • 1960s- “hyperactive child syndrome” • 1980s- shift of focus to observable behaviors rather than speculating about brain injury

  4. Prevalence of ADHD • Affects 3% to 5% of school-aged children (estimated 1.5 to 2.5 million children) • ADHD is one of the most chronic childhood conditions • There has been an increase in recent years in the number of students identified in the Other Health Impaired category • Boys are more likely than girls to receive a diagnosis of ADHD

  5. Suspected Etiologies of ADHD Neurological dysfunction • Anatomical differences and brain chemistry imbalances Hereditary factors • Family studies and twin studies Environmental factors • Pre-, peri-, and postnatal traumas Watch this video to learn more about brain differences in children with ADHD

  6. Social and Behavioral Issues • Behavioral inhibition and executive functioning: affects ability to self-regulate • Social and emotional issues: difficulties making and maintaining friendships, range of emotional difficulties • Comorbidity: ADHD frequently co-exists with other disabilities

  7. Assessment of Students with ADHD Multidimensional evaluation process Medical evaluation Behavioral/educational evaluation Common assessment tools: • DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) • Rating scales • ADHD Rating Scale-IV • Conners’ Teachers Rating Scale-Revised

  8. Educational Considerations • It is not possible to determine accurate statistics regarding the educational placement of students with ADHD due to their inclusion in the Other Health Impaired category. • It seems a safe assumption that most students with ADHD receive some or all of their education in the regular education classroom. • Students with ADHD may receive a special education or accommodations under Section 504. Watch this video to explore strategies to help students with ADHD to succeed in school

  9. Educational Considerations • Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) • Self-regulation/monitoring • Home-school collaboration • Instructional modifications • Stimulant medication

  10. Adolescents and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Important considerations: • Educational/Vocational Outcomes • Marriage and Relationships • Family Relationships

  11. Issues of Diversity • ADHD diagnosis may reflect cultural biases of the evaluators • Difficulty in identification of ADHD in individuals from culturally or linguistically diverse backgrounds

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