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Tolerance and Toleration in the Ottoman Empire: Policy vs. Practice

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This examination delves into the concepts of toleration and tolerance within the Ottoman Empire, contrasting theoretical ideals with practical policies. The Ottomans, inheriting a diverse population from earlier Islamic Caliphates, navigated complex religious landscapes while fusing Islamic and Turkic traditions. Key topics include the interaction of Sunni orthodoxy with non-Muslim subjects, the implications of the jizya tax, and the evolving role of non-Muslims over time. Challenges posed by European intervention further complicated Ottoman policies towards religious minorities and led to significant changes during the Tanzimat reforms.

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Tolerance and Toleration in the Ottoman Empire: Policy vs. Practice

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Presentation Transcript

  1. The Ottoman Empire Toleration

  2. Tolerance vs. Toleration • Tolerance as an idea, toleration as a policy • Toleration “is better understood as the accommodation of dissent in societies organized around the ideal of religious unity.” (Parker) • Where is the Ottoman Empire on this scale?

  3. Early Period • Ottomans fused Islamic and Turkic traditions into a unique take on Islam. • The Islamic Caliphates had ruled over diverse populations, and the Ottomans inherited these populations. • Christian generals served along the ghazis in the early campaigns.

  4. Muslim Identity • “Public commitment to Sunni orthodoxy…” (Parker) • Jizya tax assessed on non-Muslim subjects. Religious as opposed to temporal tax. • Often paid as a group: ta’ifa and millets • Non-Muslims could not testify against Muslims in courts. • Sartorial laws • Devşirme • Shi’a

  5. Compromise • “… ready pragmatism in dealing with subjugated people” • Letter of the law not always followed: church construction • Evasion

  6. European Intervention • String of reverses reduced Ottoman holdings in Europe • As Muslims constituted a greater share of the population, the Ottomans began embracing the caliphate • At the same time, European strength limited actions against non-Muslim subjects • Apostasy • Protectorates • Tanzimat

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