1. Twentieth Century Indian Nationalisms the polite moderation of the INC, to radicalizing resistances, to a ‘Third Way’

2. So, as there are many forms of resistance many forms of nationalism anti-British pro-India secular humanism communal identities many impulses for acting in nationalist movements ‘identity’ specific historic moment personal affront

3. Involvement in political reformgets radical Communalism: Cow Protection Leagues सर्वेषामेव भूतानां गावः शरणमुत्तमम्।यद्‌गृहे दुःखिता गावः स याति नरके नर Living inequality: Bannerji A. Ghosh Partition of Bengal new resistances for the future perspective of the G-G, SoS world war

4. The First Partition In the first decade of the 20C: • strong case made to split Bengal Administrative: • largest, at 78.5 million people • 1/3 Muslims • Curzon insisted: a purely administrative decision Other: • created: Assam and East Bengal [predominantly Muslim, 38 million] Bengal [16% Muslim, of 55 million people] Bengali a minority – diluted with Hindi-speakers and Oriya • Muslim League (1906)

5. Creating ‘own country’swadeshi • refusal to buy British-produced goods • shun government schools • shops and schools picketed – Partition Day 16 October 1905 • rescinded because: violence 1911 John Morley made SoS in India

6. kantha khadi khadi cloth embroidered fabric handspun cotton handwoven khadi cloth originally baby cloth Kantha, khadi and Quit Indiathis is the template for later: trade made the Empire, trade could end it

7. The Curzon Administrationtaming the tiger -- not Delhi durbar George Nathaniel Curzon of Keddleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC • Viceroy from 1899; created New Delhi • ignored advice of India Council (senior, experienced civil servants) • his policies and arrogance radicalized the INC

8. Calcutta bhandralok losing ground to merchants and Muslims merchants in Bombay set to replace Calcutta as commercial hub; and Maratha brahmins Bengali merchants delighted with boycott 1906-8 spread throughout Bengal imported cotton thread ↓ 25%; fabric ↓ 40% British producers groaning to Parliament khadi production ↑; political advantage of supporting family-based artisanal production And, attempted assassinations; armed robbery; anti-white street violence; strikes Resistance and Reform

9. Mahatma Gandhi and Khadi:  Protect a Dyeing Heritage Elsewhereother issues predominate Punjab • swadeshi focused on local banks, insurance companies and schools • communal tensions: Muslims (50%) vs. Hindus/Sikhs • anti-British protests over canal-rates, and food prices • respite in 1907 – arrested leaders and reduced water-rate…. Bombay • creation of Tata steelworks: homegrown • supported by officials because affected Belgian imports • swadeshi leaders attempted to organize textile workers • resisted by Indian and European factory managers 1905 strike

10. Repression and Compromise Repression • turning against middle class reformers difficult • but, students arresting for singing ‘Bande Mataram’ বন্দে মাতরম • their parents arrested for attending political meetings • swadeshi organizations outlawed – for British liberals, too like the French Compromise • 1909 Morely-Minto Reform Act • broaden electorate and seats • split reform 1907 flag of Indian Independence • expectation for more change and Bengal Reunited • creation of Muslim League (1906) in 1911 (Muslim betrayal)

11. WWI and its Effecton reform in South Asia India ‘declared to be in a state of war’ • exodus of ICS, army (15 000) and Europeans civilians • politically, professionally, ‘their chance’ • support for the effort – with expectation of Home Rule • increased radical action • 2 million men; £ 100 million ‘gift’ • rise in Muslim nationalism – allied with Congress 1916 In active service • fought, wounded and died alongside fellow critics of British rule • enjoyed the pleasures of Europe – no divide • nationalism

12. Conclusionspilled blood make citizens? As with other colonies: • men volunteered for pay pride in community protect nation connection to the Crown Unlike settler colonies: no dominion status Gandhi phase begins