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Aggregate Planning. Dealing with the Problem Complexity through Decomposition. Corporate Strategy. Aggregate Unit Demand. Aggregate Planning. (Plan. Hor.: 1 year, Time Unit: 1 month). Capacity and Aggregate Production Plans. End Item (SKU) Demand. Master Production Scheduling.
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Dealing with the Problem Complexity through Decomposition Corporate Strategy Aggregate Unit Demand Aggregate Planning (Plan. Hor.: 1 year, Time Unit: 1 month) Capacity and Aggregate Production Plans End Item (SKU) Demand Master Production Scheduling (Plan. Hor.: a few months, Time Unit: 1 week) SKU-level Production Plans Manufacturing and Procurement lead times Materials Requirement Planning (Plan. Hor.: a few months, Time Unit: 1 week) Component Production lots and due dates Shop floor-level Production Control Part process plans (Plan. Hor.: a day or a shift, Time Unit: real-time)
Aggregate Planning Problem Aggr. Unit Production Reqs Corporate Strategy Aggregate Unit Demand Aggregate Production Plan Aggregate Planning Aggregate Unit Availability (Current Inventory Position) Required Production Capacity • Aggregate Production Plan: • Aggregate Production levels • Aggregate Inventory levels • Aggregate Backorder levels • Production Capacity Plan: • Workforce level(s) • Overtime level(s) • Subcontracted Quantities
Product Aggregation Schemes • Items (or Stock Keeping Units - SKU’s):The final products delivered to the (downstream) customers • Families: Group of items that share a common manufacturing setup cost; i.e., they have similar production requirements. • Aggregate Unit:A fictitious item representing an entire product family. • Aggregate Unit Production Requirements: The amount of (labor) time required for the production of one aggregate unit. This is computed by appropriately averaging the (labor) time requirements over the entire set of items represented by the aggregate unit. • Aggregate Unit Demand: The cumulative demand for the entire set of items represented by the aggregate unit. Remark:Being the cumulate of a number of independent demand series, the demand for the aggregate unit is a more robust estimate than its constituent components.
Computing the Aggregate Unit Production Requirements Aggregate unit labor time = (.32)(4.2)+(.21)(4.9)+(.17)(5.1)+(.14)(5.2)+ (.10)(5.4)+(.06)(5.8) = 4.856 hrs
PC WC HC FC D(t) P(t) = D(t) W(t) Pure Aggregate Planning Strategies 1.Demand Chasing: Vary the Workforce Level • D(t): Aggregate demand series • P(t): Aggregate production levels • W(t): Required Workforce levels • Costs Involved: • PC: Production Costs • fixed (setup, overhead) • variable (materials, consumables, etc.) • WC: Regular labor costs • HC: Hiring costs: e.g., advertising, interviewing, training • FC: Firing costs: e.g., compensation, social cost
Pure Aggregate Planning Strategies 2.Varying Production Capacity with Constant Workforce: PC SC WC OC UC D(t) P(t) S(t) O(t) U(t) W = constant • S(t): Subcontracted quantities • O(t): Overtime levels • U(t): Undertime levels • Costs involved: • PC, WC: as before • SC: subcontracting costs: e.g., purchasing, transport, quality, etc. • OC: overtime costs: incremental cost of producing one unit in overtime • (UC: undertime costs: this is hidden in WC)
PC WC IC D(t) P(t) I(t) W(t), O(t), U(t), S(t) = constant Pure Aggregate Planning Strategies 3.Accumulating (Seasonal) Inventories: • I(t):Accumulated Inventory levels • Costs involved: • PC, WC:as before • IC:inventory holding costs: e.g., interest lost, storage space, pilferage, obsolescence, etc.
Pure Aggregate Planning Strategies 4.Backlogging: PC WC BC D(t) P(t) B(t) W(t), O(t), U(t), S(t) = constant • B(t):Accumulated Backlog levels • Costs involved: • PC, WC:as before • BC:backlog (handling) costs: e.g., expediting costs, penalties, lost sales (eventually), customer dissatisfaction
Typical Aggregate Planning Strategy A “mixture” of the previously discussed pure options: PC WC HC FC OC UC SC IC BC P W D H F O Io U S I Wo B + • Additional constraints arising from the company strategy; e.g., • maximal allowed subcontracting • maximal allowed workforce variation in two consecutive periods • maximal allowed overtime • safety stocks • etc.
Solution Approaches • Graphical Approaches: Spreadsheet-based simulation • Analytical Approaches: Mathematical (mainly linear programming) Programming formulations
Analytical Approach:A Linear Programming Formulation min TC = St ( PCt*Pt+WCt*Wt+OCt*Ot+HCt*Ht+FCt*Ft+ SCt*St+ICt*It+BCt*Bt ) s.t. • t,(u_l_r)*Pt (s_d)*(w_d)t*Wt+Ot Prod. Capacity: • t, Pt+It-1+St = (Dt-Bt)+Bt-1+It Material Balance: • t, Wt = Wt-1+Ht-Ft Workforce Balance: ( Any additional policy constraints ) Var. sign restrictions: • t, Pt, Wt, Ot, Ht, Ft, St, It, Bt 0 Time unit: month / unit_labor_req. /shift_duration (in hours) / (working_days) for month t
Demand (vs. Capacity) Options or Proactive Approaches to Aggregate Planning • Influencing demand variation so that it aligns to available production capacity: • advertising • promotional plans • pricing (e.g., airline and hotel weekend discounts, telecommunication companies’ weekend rates) • “Counter-seasonal” product (and service) mixing: Develop a product mix with antithetic (seasonal) trends that level the cumulative required production capacity. • (e.g., lawn mowers and snow blowers) • => The outcome of this type of planning is communicated to the overall aggregate planning procedure as (expected) changes in the demand forecast.
