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??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? :???????? ??? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? : ???? ?????? ?????????: ?????????? ????? ?????? 1388 . 2. 1????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????1-1???????? ??? ???? . ??? ??? . 3. ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? (????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????) ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? (???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???) ?? 288

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    1. ?? ??? ???? ???? 1

    2. ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? :???????? ??? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? : ???? ?????? ?????????: ?????????? ????? ?????? 1388 2

    3. 1????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? 1-1???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 3

    4. ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? (????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????) ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? (???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???) ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? 4

    5. arcticl 5

    6. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? 75???? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2000 ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?7 ???? ? 385 ??? ??? . ?????? 4 ???? ? 581 ??? ( ?????? ????? ??? 2004 ??????) ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. 6

    7. ????? ?????? (????) ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? (( ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? )) ????? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????: ???) ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?)??????? ????(????????) ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? . ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 7

    8. ???? ???????? ??????? ???? 8

    9. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? . ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 10 ???? ? ????????? ?? ???. 9

    10. ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? "?????????" ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. 10

    11. Vegetation

    12. ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? "?? ??????" ?????? ?????? . ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???. 12

    13. 13

    14. 14

    15. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 1????(7 ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????)? 2-????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? 3- ???? ?????? ??? ?????4-???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???(???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???) 5- ???? ?????? ????? ???(300-500???? ???) ?? ???? 10

    16. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??(0 5/ ??? ?? ??????? ?????) ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. 16

    17. 17

    18. ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? (???? ????) ?? ????. 18

    19. ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???.. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. 19

    20. 20

    21. 21

    22. 22

    23. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????: 1-?????????: ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? 2- ?????????: ????? ?? ???? 3-????? ???: ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? 23

    24. 24

    25. ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????) ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? (??? ????? ???? ? ????). ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? (?????? ?? ?????) ??????? ????? ???? 25

    26. 26

    27. ????? ???? 27

    28. 28

    29. 29

    30. 30

    31. WOLVERINE 31

    32. 32

    33. 33

    34. 34

    35. 35

    36. 36

    37. 37

    38. 38

    39. 39

    40. 40

    41. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????.?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????.??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???.????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???. ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????.?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ????? 41

    42. 42

    43. 43

    45. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 45

    46. ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? :????? ????? ?????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ) (franzjosf ?:???? ??????? ??? ??? ????(????? ????? ?????? 46

    47. 47

    48. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????adventur tourism1 ?????? ???? science tourism2 ?????? ????? sport tourism3 ?????? ?????? recretion tourism4 ?????? ?????? Caltur tourism 5 ?????????ecotourism6 48

    49. 49

    50. 1- ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2- ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 3- ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? 50

    51. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 51

    52. 52

    53. 53

    54. 54

    55. ????? ?? ??? ??? 55

    56. ?????? ??? ???? 56

    57. 57

    58. ????? ????? ?????? ?? 58

    59. 59

    60. ???????? ?????? 60

    61. 61

    62. INUKSUIT 62

    63. 63

    64. 64

    65. 65

    66. 66

    67. 67

    68. 68

    69. 69

    70. 70

    71. 71

    72. 72

    73. ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? vICAAR??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 73

    74. 74

    75. 75

    76. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? 76

    77. ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 77

    78. 78

    80. 1-??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 2-????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? 3-?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? 4-?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 5????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? 6-????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 7-????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? 8-?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? 9-?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? 80

    81. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????/???? ???? ???? ????? 81

    82. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????? 82

    83. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? 1 ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? 2 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 3 ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? 1 ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? 2 ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? 3 ???? ?????? ?? ????? (????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????) 83

    84. 4-?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? :????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? 84

    85. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 85

    86. 86

    87. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? 87

    88. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 88

    89. ?????? ???? ??? :??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? . ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (??? ????) ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??????? ??? 89

    90. ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1979 ??? ?? 20 ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ???.?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. 90

    91. - ????? ??? ????? ????: ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???. 91

    92. - ?????? ??? ?????? ??: ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? 125 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???. 92

    93. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ??? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? 200 ?? 250 ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 25 ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 93

    94. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? 94

    95. 95

    97. Amanual for conservation planners and managers ecotourism development andydrumm /alan moore Cruise tourismon SvalbardA risky business?WWF International Arctic Programme Miriam Geitz, Stefan Norris, International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO). 2004. Six-year survey of the dominant tourist activities and trends since the ratification of the Environmental Protocol. Presented by Denise Landau, IAATO, at the Antarctic Treaty Meetings of Experts in March 2003. refrence

    98. http://www.imo.org (21 May 2004). International Maritime Organisation. 2002. Guidelines for ships operating in arctic ice-covered waters. Jacobsen, L.B. 1994. Re-analyse av permanente pr?vefelter i overv?kningsomr?de i Kongsfjorden, Svalbard 1994. Norsk Polarinstitutt Rapportserie nr. 87. Juneau Empire. 4 April 2004. Small ships fear pollution controls. http://juneauempire.com/stories/030404/sta_pollute.shtml (13 April 2004). International Maritime Organisation. 19 May 2004. International Maritime Organization home page. 98

    99. Arctic Tourism. <http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/what_we_do/toruism.> Carrol, Etain, and Mark Elliot. Greenland and the Arctic. Lonely Planet, 2005. Sustainable Arctic Toursim. Sustainable Arctic Tourism. Sustainable Arctic Tourism. 2005. Sustainable Artic Tourism. 31 March <http://arctictourism.net/sat_what_is.htm17. The Frozen World. 14th ed. London: Aldus Books Limited, 1971, 9-188. Tourism. Arctic Economics. 1 April. 2009. <http://benmuse.typepad.com/arctic_economics/tourism/> http://www.runet.edu 99

    100. 100 htp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Penguincoloring.shtml /subjects/birds/printouts/Penguincoloring.shtml http://www.cinemareview.com/

    101. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? 101

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