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Dr. Aline Veauthier (WING, University of Vechta)

Cage ban in Europe – impacts on trade, egg supply and food security. Dr. Aline Veauthier (WING, University of Vechta). Science and Information Centre for Sustainable Poultry Production. AGENDA. Background – Directive 1999/74EC Impacts on egg supply Impacts on trade

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Dr. Aline Veauthier (WING, University of Vechta)

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  1. Cage ban in Europe – impacts on trade, egg supply and food security Dr. Aline Veauthier (WING, University of Vechta) Science and Information Centre forSustainablePoultryProduction

  2. AGENDA • Background – Directive 1999/74EC • Impacts on egg supply • Impacts on trade • Impacts on food security • Future developement • Results

  3. BACKGROUND

  4. BACKGROUND • On July 19th, 1999 the EU Commission passed: • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/74/EC • laying down minimum standards for the protection • of laying hens. • The directive decided that: • - From January 1st, 2012 on all cages will be prohibited. • - From January 1st, 2003 on no such cages must be • installed in EU member countries. • - Member countries may decide to ban cages earlier • and to tighten regulations of the directive.

  5. BACKGROUND • Directive 1999/74/EC distinguishes between: • Alternative Systems • Unenriched cage systems • Enriched cages • The Commission also decided that before the final imple- • mentation of the directive, additional scientific studies • should be undertaken to analyze the impacts on the welfare • of laying hens and the economy of production.

  6. BACKGROUND • In 2007 the results of the scientific studies were available • (www.laywel.eu). • Based on these results, the Commission decided in 2008: • no alteration of the original regulations of the directive, • no alterations in the date of implementation. • Problem: • It took nine years, before the final decision was passed. • In this time period, almost no investments were made • because nobody was sure about the final regulations • of the directive.

  7. BACKGROUND • Regulations for enriched cages: Laying hens must have: • At least 116 inches2 (750 cm2) of cage area per hen, of • which 93 inches2 (600 cm2) shall be usable. • The height of the cage has to be at least 7.9 inches • (20 cm) at every point, including the perch area. • No cage shall have a total area that is less than 310 inches2 • (2,000 cm2). • A nest. • Litter, such that pecking and scratching are possible. • Appropriate perches: at least 5.9 inches (15 cm) per hen.

  8. BACKGROUND • Regulations for enriched cages: Laying hens must have: • A feed trough which may be used without restriction • (length: 4.7 inches (12 cm) x number of hens in cage). • A drinking system appropriate to the size of the group • (at least two nipple drinkers in reach of each hen). • To allow inspection, the aisle has to have a minimum • width of 35.4 inches (90 cm). • A space of at least 13.8 inches (35 cm) must be allowed • between the bottom of the first tier and the floor. • Cages must be fitted with suitable claw-shortening • devices.

  9. BACKGROUND • Results: • The opposition against cage systems began parallel • to the implementation of such systems. • A major role in organizing the opposition played • German NGOs and the Green Party. • After years of discussion, the EU passed Directive • 1999/74/EC in 1999. With the exception of Austria • and the UK all member countries voted for it. • It took eight years before the final regulatory statutes • were passed in 2007. • This long time span kept companies from investing in • new housing systems.

  10. BACKGROUND • EU: • Conventional cages banned from January 1st, 2012 on. • Not all member countries met the deadline. • Estimated cost: about 1.2 billion €. • In January 2013, about 30 mill. of the 350 mill. layers were • still kept in conventional cages, 17 mill. in Italy alone. • Problems: trade of eggs that are produced in old cages. • Rest of Europe: • No cages in Norway and Switzerland; conventional cages • still used in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia; animal welfare • discussion not yet important in the latter countries. Laying hens in conventional cages (in June 2012, Mio. animals) Portugal: 2.7 Belgium: 3.5 Poland: 2.3 Greece: 1.8 Netherlands: 1.6 Cyprus: 0.1 Spain: 12.7 Italy: 17.3 France: 1.5 EU: 43.4 Mio. hens

  11. BACKGROUND

  12. BACKGROUND • USA: • conventional cages will be banned from 2030 on • (in California from 2015), if the “Egg Bill” is passed, • the transformation will cost about 4 billion US-$, • after 2030 the dominating housing system will be colony • nests/enriched cages (95 %), • there is a strong opposition against the passing of the • “Egg Bill” from cattle ranchers, pork producers and the • Farm Bureau. • on June 19th 2012, the Senate did not vote on the “Egg Bill”.

  13. BACKGROUND • Other countries: • InNew Zealand, conventional cages will be bannedfrom • 2022 on. • In Canada, banning is not being discussed, a trans- • formation to other housing systems will be a long • process organized by all stakeholders of the industry. • The discussion to ban cages is under way in Australia, • Taiwan, South Korea and just beginning in Japan. • In China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, • Uruguay, all African countries as well as in non-EU • countries in Europe conventional cages are still being • used and a banning is not being discussed.

  14. BACKGROUND • Other countries: • In Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria the transformation of • some flocks to enriched cages is considered because • of the high egg prices in the EU and the chance to export • eggs.

  15. IMPACTS ON EGG SUPPLY - Germany - EU - 27

  16. IMPACTS ON EGG SUPPLY - Germany - EU - 27

  17. EGG SUPPLY • Germany • In Germany, conventional cages were banned from • January 1st 2010 on, two years earlier than in the • rest of the EU. • The development of egg production in this country • can demonstrate possible impacts of such a decision.

  18. EGG SUPPLY Development of German egg production (in 1,000 t) - 23.5 %

  19. EGG SUPPLY Development of the number of layers and farms in Germany between 2000 and 2012; data in 1,000 birds Cage ban

  20. EGG SUPPLY Number of laying hens in Germany birds

  21. EGG SUPPLY Degree of capacity utilization in farms with more than 3,000 hen places in Germany

  22. EGG SUPPLY Laying hens by housing systems in Germany (% share of layer farms with 3,000 and more places) Destatis

  23. IMPACTS ON EGG SUPPLY - Germany - EU - 27

  24. EGG SUPPLY Number of laying hens in EU-27 birds 2011 2012 2012

  25. EGG SUPPLY Number of laying hens in the Netherlands birds 2011 2012 2012

  26. EGG SUPPLY Housing systems in egg production in EU member countries (2010)

  27. EGG SUPPLY Prices Production EU market situation for Eggs and Poultry Man Com 21 March 2013

  28. EGG SUPPLY EU market situation for Eggs and Poultry Man Com 21 March 2013

  29. IMPACTS ON TRADE

  30. TRADE Imports of shell eggs into Germany + 37 %

  31. TRADE Egg imports into selected countries

  32. TRADE EU Egg Imports EU market situation for Eggs and Poultry Man Com 21 March 2013

  33. TRADE EU Egg Exports EU market situation for Eggs and Poultry Man Com 21 March 2013

  34. TRADE Exports of Eggs by EU-27

  35. TRADE Imports of Eggs into EU-27

  36. IMPACTS ON FOOD SECURITY

  37. SECURITY Egg Surplus and Deficit in Europe

  38. SECURITY Prices/100 barn eggs (Size L, bulk) from egg packing station in Germany end of 2009: egg shortage due to transformation period €/100 eggs 2010: egg shortage due to transformation period + high demand (Easter)  highest price 14.5 € (~ 20.6 $)! Easter 2010: Egg oversupply: transformation finalised + Dutch egg imports, summer period  dramatic price decrease to 6 € (~8.5 $) 2009 Easter 09 2008: high feed prices 2008 2008: moderate Easter price: 8.7 € (~12.4 $) 2010

  39. SECURITY EU Egg Prices/100 eggs (Size M, bulk) Germany

  40. SECURITY EU market situation for Eggs and Poultry Man Com 21 March 2013

  41. SECURITY EU Egg Prices/100 eggs (Size M, bulk) Netherlands

  42. SECURITY EU Egg Prices/100 eggs (Size M, bulk) France

  43. SECURITY EU Egg Prices/100 eggs (Size M, bulk) Italy

  44. SECURITY EU Egg Prices/100 eggs (Size M, bulk) UK

  45. Results : The German case • Layer flocks in Germany decreased by over 15.6 % • between 2005 and 2010. • Egg production decreased by over 800 mill. pieces • between June 2009 and June 2010. • The self sufficiency rate fell from 74 % to only 55 %. • Shell egg imports increased from 5.6 billion eggs in • 2008 to over 7 billion eggs in 2009. In 2010, the • import volume has reached 8 billion. • About 200 mill. € were invested by the industry to • meet the German legal regulations. • Germany will remain the leading egg importing country • also in future. Main suppliers will be the Netherlands, • Spain and Poland.

  46. Results : • The transformation process is still not completed • in all EU-27 countries. • Layer flocks in EU-27 decreased as a result of the cage ban. • Imports in EU-27 increased because of the cage ban. • Egg prices increased because of the egg shortage due to • the transformation process. • The transformation process has to be completed in all • countries to analyse further impacts.

  47. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

  48. FUTURE • Trends • In 2050 9 bill. people will live on earth, 86 % in thresholdandlessdeveloped countries. • Until 2050 foodproductionhastodecreaseby 50 % but in • 2050 there will belesscultivatedlandandwatersupply will • beunsure. • In tresholdandlessdeveloped countries meatconsumption • will increase fast becauseof an increasingpurchase power. • Poultrymeatandeggs will be the mostimportantprotein • sources.

  49. FUTURE • Future Challenges • Climate change. • Less cultivated land and water resources. • Declining stocks of phosphate. • Growing rejection of intensive animal husbandry in • developed countries. • Consumer types: less meat, no meat, no animal products. • Animal welfare aspects.

  50. FUTURE Egg Production in 2015 (in 1.000 t) * Canada, Mexico, USA Windhorst 2011

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