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Upgrading and Repairing your Personal Computer

Upgrading and Repairing your Personal Computer. with Iskandar Hack IPFW. Outline. Introduction to upgrade or not to upgrade (replace) PC Overview CPU - 86, 88, 286, 386, 486, SX, DX, DX2/4, 586 class, 686 class. Pentium II Math Co-processor

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Upgrading and Repairing your Personal Computer

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  1. Upgrading and Repairing yourPersonalComputer with Iskandar Hack IPFW Iskandar Hack

  2. Outline • Introduction • to upgrade or not to upgrade (replace) • PC Overview • CPU - 86, 88, 286, 386, 486, SX, DX, DX2/4, 586 class, 686 class. Pentium II • Math Co-processor • Types of Busses - XT (8 Bit), AT (16 Bit), PS/2, EISA, VLB, PCI, AGP and USB • Memory • Memory Addressing • Speed and Size • Locating and identifying RAM • RAM, ROM, SIM, Cache, BIOS, and CMOS Config. • Expansion limit of the computer Iskandar Hack

  3. Outline (2) • Storage Devices • Floppy Drives - 5.25 (1.2 M, 360K, 180 K) • 3.5 (2.88 M, 1.44M, and 720 K) • Hard Drives • Controller Cards (MFM, RLL, SCSI, IDE) • Hard Drive unit - Matching card and Drive • Cost of Systems • Hard Cards • Tape Drives • CD ROM’s Iskandar Hack

  4. Outline (3) • DOS Versions (3.3 or Higher) • Video • Types - Monochrome, Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, and Multisync • Resolution, pixels, dots/inch, # of colors • Software Compatibility • Double graphics adapters • Power Supplies • Serial and Parallel Ports • Modems (FAX/Modems) • Mouse/Roller Balls • Cases • Future expansion of computer system • # of slots • Memory Iskandar Hack

  5. Some Definitions • Bit • One piece of information (1 or 0) • Byte • 8 Bits • Word • 2 Bytes (16 bits) • K or Kilo • 1024 Bytes (about a thousand) • M or Meg • 1024 K (about a million) • G or Giga • 1024 M (about a billion) Iskandar Hack

  6. Types of CPU’s • 8086 (TI PRO, Compaq, and other clones) • 16 Bit Bus, slow • 8088 (IBM-PC/XT) • 8/16 Bit Bus, very slow • 80286 (IBM-AT) • 16/32 Bit Bus, Faster Still Iskandar Hack

  7. 80386 • 32 Bit Bus, Faster Still • 80486 • 32 Bit Bus, very fast • Pentium (80586) (MMX) • 32/64 Bit Bus, very very fast • This includes the Cyrix 6x86, AMD k series. • Pentium Pro (80686) • 32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast • Pentium II (80786) (MMX) • 32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast. Iskandar Hack

  8. The Math Co-Processor • A microprocessor which increases the speed of the main processor by performing math operations. • 8088/86 8087 • 80286 80287 • 80386 80387 • 80486SX 80487SX • 80486DX- Builtin • Pentium Builtin • When purchasing a Math Co-processor the speed of your system should match the speed of the co-processor. Iskandar Hack

  9. Types of Bus Structures • 8 Bit ISA • Used by most 8086/88 machines, slow but very common • 16 Bit ISA • Used by IBM-AT, and most 286/386/486.. clones, Will accept 8 bit cards • ESIA • Used by high end 386/486 machines to speed up graphics and/or hard drive access. Will accept 8 or 16 cards Iskandar Hack

  10. VLB and PCI • Same concept as ESIA newer versions that are a little faster. Systems are also a little cheaper. • Micro Channel • Used by IBM PS/2 family. 16 bit design that is not compatible with other systems. If you have this type it will be expensive to upgrade. • AGP • Advanced Graphics Port. Used for high speed video display. Iskandar Hack

  11. USB • Still fairly new. • Daisy chainable like SCSI. • Can use cameras, scanners, mouse, keyboard, other devices that use the USB connector. Iskandar Hack

  12. Mother Board Types • AT series • Fairly common but starting to fade out. • ATX series • No standard layout has been decided on. Most use a “all ports, one location” approach. • Pizza Box series • This type uses a riser card. Avoid this!! Iskandar Hack

  13. Types of Memory • RAM • ROM • CPU Cache • Disk Cache • Video RAM • CMOS Setup Memory Iskandar Hack

  14. RAM Random Access Memory • Read/Write Memory that the user applications and the operating system uses. This type of memory is what most people are talking about when they discuss computer memory. This type of memory is user expandable. Iskandar Hack

  15. ROMRead Only Memory • Contains the basic input/output system (BIOS) that allows the machine to start (Boot instructions). Normally the user never modifies this memory device. Iskandar Hack

  16. CPU Cache • This is very high speed memory that is located physically next to the microprocessor. If the processor can get it’s instructions from cache, it doesn’t have to wait for the slower RAM. The purpose of this memory is to speed up the system. Iskandar Hack

  17. Disk Cache • This memory is usually located on the disk controller. The disk controller will use this memory to read ahead from the disk, or store information prior to writing it to disk. This way the computer doesn’t always have to wait for the physical drive to read and write. Iskandar Hack

  18. Video RAM Memory • This type of memory is contained on the video card. The more video memory in the system can either speed up the screen writes, or improve the resolution of the display. Some video cards allow for expansion of video RAM. Iskandar Hack

  19. CMOS Memory • This is low power memory that is backed up by battery when the system is turned off. This memory contains the configuration of your system. Iskandar Hack

  20. Types of Floppy Drives • 5.25” 360K • Standard on Older PC’s • No longer used. • 5.25” 1.2M • Standard on AT Class machines, 360K disks will work with the 1.2 Meg drives, but not the other way around. • 3.5” 720K • Supported by DOS 3.2, used by older machines to be compatible with newer systems. Not standard on any class of machine. Iskandar Hack

  21. Types of Floppy Drives (2) • 3.5” 1.44 M • Supported by DOS 3.3. Standard on almost all current machines. Also support 720 K format. • 3.5” 2.88 M • Supported by DOS 6. Not standard on most current machines. Also support 720 K and 1.44 M format. • Combo Drives • A 3.5” 1.44 M and a 5.25” 1.2 M in a single half height drive bay. Iskandar Hack

  22. Hard Drives • MFM • Original Standard, relatively fast, but not much storage capacity for the money. • RLL • Slower than MFM, but has about 50% more storage for the same money. Most common drive used to upgrade older PC’s. • ESDI • Much faster than MFM or RLL, and could handle larger drives. Not used much today. Iskandar Hack

  23. Hard Drives (2) • IDE/EIDE • Much faster than any of the above, and inexpensive. Current standard for most systems. • Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA • Twice as fast as IDE. • SCSI • About the same speed as IDE, but can handle multiple drives and larger drives. Used mainly on high-end systems, Mac’s, and UNIX. Iskandar Hack

  24. CD ROM • Read only, write able and now re-write able. • Stores 640 M of data on a compact disk. • Much faster than floppy disks. • External using SCSI or Parallel. Iskandar Hack

  25. CD ROM (2) • Internal using SCSI, IDE, or sound card hookup. • Single spin up to 100X (in increments of 2X) • Multi CD changers. • Can play music CD’s. Iskandar Hack

  26. DVD ROM • Stores up to 4.7 GIG on a single side. Double sided available. • Usually needs special MPEG card to use to full potential. • Compatible with most older CD ROMS. Iskandar Hack

  27. Display Standards • Monochrome • No graphics capacity, very high resolution text. Not very common today • Hercules • Added graphics capacity to the monochrome display, 720 X 348 in two color • CGA • 640 X 200 two color, or 320 X 200 eight color Iskandar Hack

  28. Display Standards (2) • EGA • 16 colors, 640 X 350 • VGA • Up to 1024 X 768, 256 colors • More memory on the adapter increases the resolution up to 512K • SVGA • Enhanced VGA, additional memory, up to about 2-8 Meg, and increase the number of colors (to over a million) • When purchasing a new video card make sure your current monitor will be able to handle the new card. Iskandar Hack

  29. Power Supplies • Current Systems require a minimum of 200 Watts of power. If you have less replace before adding additional drives. • Most new computers come with 235 - 300 watt range. • Never try to repair a bad power supply unless you know what you are doing. Iskandar Hack

  30. Major DOS Versions • DOS 1.0 - 1.1 • Initial Disk Operating System, allowed for the use of floppy disks only • DOS 2.0 • Added support of Hard Disks (and subdirectories) • DOS 3.0 • Added support of 1.2 Meg FD • DOS 3.2 • Added support of 720 K 3.5” FD Iskandar Hack

  31. Major DOS Versions (2) • DOS 3.3 • Added support of 1.44 M FD • DOS 4.0 • Added support of expanded memory, and Hard Disk partitions larger than 30 Meg • DOS 5.0 • Included QBasic instead of the old basic interpreter • Included EDIT in addition to EDLIN • First attempt at a DOS Shell • Added Help Command Iskandar Hack

  32. DOS 6.X • Included Virus protection • Improved DOS Shell • Initial release included Disk Compression • Included Disk Optimization • Included Unformat, and Undelete Iskandar Hack

  33. Windows 3.x • 16/32 bit operations. • Needed DOS 5.0 or greater. • Graphical User Interface. Iskandar Hack

  34. Windows 95/NT/98 • 32 bit operations. • Eliminated DOS • Adds Plug and Play • Easy Networking • Built in Internet support • Improved user interface. Iskandar Hack

  35. TOP 10 LISTComputer Precautions • Location of Computer • Temperature • Food and Drink • Smoke • Dust • Pets • Kids • Computer Viruses • Power Surges • Quick Fingers Iskandar Hack

  36. Important Things to Remember • Fill out all warranties and send them! • Make copies of the original software. • Store all disks in a safe place • Record all settings from the CMOS menu • Record serial numbers and label for insurance. Iskandar Hack

  37. SAFETY TIPS FOR PC’S • Don’t eat and drink near the computer • Don’t ever use force on your computer • Ground yourself if you remove the cover • NEVER open the power supply • Handle circuits and cards with care • TURN OFF THE POWER any time you remove the cover Iskandar Hack

  38. Rules for working on a PC • Switch off ALL devices before starting • Allow enough time • Have a good working surface • Have the correct tools • Keep all small parts together • Choose a good environment • Keep good records • Check and test the system before reassembling Iskandar Hack

  39. Removing the Cover (desktop) • Turn off all power • Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of computer • Slide the cover forward to remove. A swift jerk might be needed to remove the cover. Iskandar Hack

  40. Tower Case • Turn off all power • Remove plastic guard • Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of computer • Slide the cover forward to remove Iskandar Hack

  41. Other Cases • Some cases will have bolts located on the side and back of the computer • Some cases will flip up instead of sliding off. Iskandar Hack

  42. Installing a Second Floppy Disk Drive • Questions before you buy • Do you have an empty drive bay (5.25 or 3.5 bay) • Will your drive controller support an additional drive • What vendor and color? • Are side rails or mounting rails required? Iskandar Hack

  43. Steps to Install additional Drive • Open the case • Remove the bay cover and store for future use • Attach rails or mountings • Check documentation for any drive settings • Slide disk drive into empty drive bay • Take extra power cable and connect to disk drive. The cable is keyed to prevent incorrect connections. If no extra power cable is found a Y adapter must be used. Iskandar Hack

  44. Steps to Install additional Drive (2) • Attach ribbon cable coming from Drive A:. The connector should be keyed. • The drive ribbon cable has two connectors • The connector with a twist is drive A: • The connector in the middle is drive B: • Insert drive and fasten any hardware Iskandar Hack

  45. Steps to Install additional Drive (3) • Recheck all connections • Restart Computer • Do the following on the new drive • Enable drive in the BIOS. • Format a disk • Copy a file to the drive • Copy a file from the drive • Do a “CHKDSK X:” command (x=drive letter of new drive) • Place cover back on computer Iskandar Hack

  46. Additional Step for 3.5 Drive in 5.25 Slot • Install adapter frame so that the 3.5 drive fits in a 5.25 bay. Iskandar Hack

  47. Hard Drive Installation • Preparation for installing • Connecting the controller card and power to the hard drive (master-slave) • Partition the hard drive • Format the Drive • Install DOS - if necessary • Install the application programs Iskandar Hack

  48. Preparation for Installing • Choose a matched controller and hard drive for your computer • Check if BIOS supports new drive. • Shut off power and remove case • Prepare an empty drive bay for hard drive. If needed, remove any extra disk drives • Set jumpers or switches on controller or hard drive. Most manufacturers have preset these switches to the correct settings. Iskandar Hack

  49. Connection of the Cables and Power • The hard drive should come with one 40 pin ribbon cable. • Look for pin one on both ends of the cables. It has either a arrow, or a red line on the ribbon cable. • Take extra power cable and connect to disk drive. The cable is keyed to prevent incorrect connections. If no extra power cable is found a Y adapter must be used. • If needed add Power Cable adapter. Iskandar Hack

  50. Master - Slave Configuration • If you are installing a second drive, one drive must be assigned as the master. And the other as a slave to the master. (all but SCSI) • Master Drive will contain boot sector. • Check documentation for jumper configuration on each drive. • With SCSI controller set SCSI number on drive instead Iskandar Hack

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