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The Crusades!. The Importance of Jerusalem. For Christians—the site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrections For Muslims—the site of Muhammad's ascent to heaven vs. Seljuk Turks –Muslim people from central Asia—took Jerusalem. Byzantine Empire was threatened—Especially Constantinople
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The Importance of Jerusalem For Christians—the site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrections For Muslims—the site of Muhammad's ascent to heaven vs.
Seljuk Turks –Muslim peoplefrom central Asia—took Jerusalem • Byzantine Empire was threatened—Especially Constantinople • The Emperor wrote to the Pope in 1095 CE asking for help • Because the safety of Christian pilgrims was threatened…the Pope answers promptly…
“All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! . Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let hem eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide." – Pope Urban II
Crusades • First & Second Crusade • Pope Urban II—those who die on the crusade are heavenly bound (Ticket into Heaven) • “God Wills it!” • Crusaders ill-prepared for war • Geography, climate and culture were new to them • No strategy to capture Jerusalem • Nobles argued amongst themselves—no true leader • 1099 they captured the city • Won narrow strip of land (650 miles) • Vulnerable to Muslim Attacks • Reconquered by Turks in 1144 • 2nd crusade attempts to Recapture city • 1187 Saladin—Muslim Leader—had control of City
Third Crusade • Philip II (France), Frederick I (German), Richard the Lion-Hearted (England) • Philip went home • Frederick I drowned • Richard—lead the Crusade • Richard & Saladin brilliant warriors • Truce in 1192 • Jerusalem under Muslim control • Saladin promised to allow Christians to freely visit the city’s holy places
Fourth Crusade • 1204-Failed • Didn’t ever reach holy land • Looted Constantinople • 4 more Crusades were unsuccessful • Religious spirit fades
Children’s Crusade • 1212—thousands of children sent to conquer Jerusalem • Led by 12 year old Stephen Colyes • 30,000 children under 18 joined him • Weapons of faith • died from cold and starvation • drowned • Sold as slaves 20,000—trip to Rome—Pope says go home—wait until you’re older*
Effects of the Crusades • Broadened European views of the world (contact with more advanced Byzantine and Muslim civilizations) • Rigid class structure weakening (serfs could buy their freedom) & Religious Spirit Fades • Muslim & Christian relations are tense! • Broke down Feudalism • Increased the authority of kings & questioning Catholic Church • The lands of nobles who had died on the crusades were collected by the kings • Increased demand for luxury goods (spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk…) • Commerce increased in Eastern Mediterranean area (especially Italy) • Commercial revolution Banking and money economy (evolving)
Most peasants did not go to tailors for their clothes; that was far too expensive. Instead, they usually obtained their clothes by a mixture of trading, hand-me-downs, and theft. Often, these clothes were misshapen and rough.
Noblemen, however, often had personal tailors to create their clothes, which were elaborate and difficult to create. Women especially wore expensive silk gowns.
Commercial Revolution • Expansion of Trade & Business • Towns—centers for trade • Fairs (primarily during religious festivals) • Money economy & private banking (evolving)
Stained glass window in the Governor's Parlour of the Merchant Adventurers' Hall in York, England, showing men boarding a ship on the River Ouse in medieval times.
Apprentices, Journey Men & Masters • Apprenticeship--lasted 2-7 years →journeyman. • Required to obey master • Not allowed to marry during training • Journeyman • Day worker • Worked for master and earned a salary • Worked 6 days a week • After several years the craftsman would submit a piece of his best work to the guild for approval. • If this "master-piece" was accepted he could become a master craftsman and own his own shop. • Master • Owned his own shop • Worked with other masters to protect trade • Served in civic government
Craft Guilds • regulated the quality, working hours and conditions of its members. • 3 levels of craftsmen; masters, journeymen, and apprentices. • Parents paid a fee to place a boy with a master craftsman as an apprentice. • He received food, lodging (often sleeping under the counter in the shop itself), clothes, and instruction in the craft.
Changes in Technology • From the Muslims—crusaders learned how to build better ships, more accurate maps, use the magnetic compass, and improve weaponry.
Merchant Guilds • regulated prices & quality, weights & measures, and business practices. • The power of the guilds was absolute in their domain, and to be expelled from a guild made it impossible to earn a living. • Each guild had a patron saint, celebrated religious festivals together & put on religious plays • Looked after the health and welfare of the members and their families.
