Exploring Lifespan Development

1. Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

2. Psychosocial Stages During Infancy and Toddlerhood

3. First Appearance of Basic Emotions

4. Understanding Emotions of Others Emotional Contagion Early infancy Recognize Other�s Facial Expressions 4-5 months ____________________ By one year

5. Social Referencing Relying on another person�s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation

6. Self-Conscious Emotions ___________ ____________ Guilt Envy Pride Emerge middle of _____________ Children become aware of self as separate and unique Require adult instruction about when to feel these emotions

7. Emotional Self-Regulation Adjusting own state of ________________ Requires ______________

8. Temperament Reactivity: Speed and intensity of Emotional arousal ______________ ________________ Self-regulation: Strategies that modify reactivity

9. Structure of Temperament Easy � ____________ Difficult � ____________ Slow-to-warm-up � _________ Unclassified � 35%

10. Biological Basis for Temperament ________________ React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates, stress hormones & stress symptoms Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity ______________ React positively, approach new stimuli Low heart rates, stress hormones & stress symptoms Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity

11. Genetics and Environment in Temperament

12. Ethological Theory of Attachment _________________ Attachment-in-the-making Clear-cut attachment ___________________ Formation of a reciprocal relationship

13. Types of Attachment ___________ � 65% Avoidant � 20% ____________ � 10-15% Disorganized/ disoriented � 5�10%

14. Cultural Variations inAttachment Security

15. Factors That Affect Attachment Security Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving Sensitive caregiving Infant characteristics Parents� _________________________

16. Multiple Attachments Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional caregivers

17. Fathers and Attachment Fathers as ____________, mothers as ____________ in many cultures Important factors in attachment ________________ _________________ Family attitudes, relationships

18. Factors That Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care Initial Attachment Quality Family Circumstances _____________________ Developmentally Appropriate Practice Extent of Child Care

19. Attachment and Later Development Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: ________________ ________________ Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development

20. Self-Development

21. Categorical Self Categorize self and others into social categories _________________ Physical characteristics ___________________ Use to organize behavior

22. Effortful Control _____________________ Inhibiting impulses Managing negative emotions ____________________ Children need Awareness of self as separate and autonomous Confidence in directing own actions Memory for instructions

23. Compliance Understanding and obeying caregivers� wishes and standards Emerges between ___________________ Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying Warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance

24. Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control Respond with __________________ Give advance notice of change in activities Offer many prompts and reminders __________________self-controlled behavior Encourage sustained attention Support language development Increase rules _________________