Stream Order

2. Stream Order

3. Stream Order Characteristics First Order Second Order Wider- maybe jump, can throw More water Warmer water More fish diversity Larger fish size Brown trout tolerate temps (prefer low light) Sculpins, shiners, daces, fallfish Can stock rainbows • Very small • Cold, clear, clean • Can jump across them • Start from springs, groundwater • Forested, rocky, steep • Brook trout (PA State fish), only native inland trout, prefer cold, very skittish

5. PA Annual Precip. • Pennsylvania receives an average of ______ inches of precipitation each year. Where does that water go? • The total must equal _____. • Evaporation & transpiration ____ inches • Run off ____ inches • Percolation ____ inches • Total _____ inches 41 inches 41 inches 20 6 15 41 inches

6. Land cover • http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/2-2_Landcovermap_11x17.pdf

7. 62 Distinct tree areas! Forest Cover

8. Factors Determining Forests • Temperature, Rainfall and Topography • Plant hardiness zones become harsher as one progresses further north in latitude or higher in elevation • Elevation, slope and the direction a slope faces all effect the microclimate for plants on any site • Water and eroding soil both move down slope with gravity= deeper and moister at the base of the slope • South facing slopes receive more direct sunlight than north facing = warmer and drier.

9. Northern Hardwood • 2nd most common • Beech, birch, sugar maple, Canadian hemlock, white pine • If in south, then on northern slopes • Best area for Wild Black Cherry • Understory: moosewood, witch hazel, mountain holly, shadbush (serviceberry)

10. Oak Forest • Most of PA • Red & white oak, tulip tree, red maple, hickory • On ridges white, black, and chestnut oak • Dense mountain laurel and black huckleberry • In 1904 chesnut blight intro’d in NY, by 1910 PA forests decimated

11. Mixed Mesophytic Forest • Southern PA (common in Smoky Mountains) • Tuliptree, sugar maple, beech, basswood, red oak, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, Ohio buckeye, white ash, black cherry • Understory: flowering dogwood, pawpaw, umbrella tree, redbud, witch hazel

12. Unique Areas • Coastal Plain Forest • Near SE Delaware River • Sweetgum, willow oak, southern red oak, sweetbay magnolia, • Peat Moss Areas • Support tamarack, black spruce • Due to glaciation • Serpentinite rock • South central PA • Pitch Pine, VA pine, red cedar, scrub oak, blackjack oak, sassafras • Shale & Limestone Barrens • Drought tolerant • Eastern red cedar, VA pine, Table mountain pine, yellow oak, post oak, hackberry, sumac

13. Unique Areas • Beech Maple Forest • Western edge of PA • Riparian Areas • Periodic flooding • Sycamore, Silver maples, box elder, American elm, slippery elm black willow, green ash, black ash, black walnut, red maple • River birch in east, not west • Pumpkin ash only in Lake Erie Swamp forest

14. Soil Color • Oxidation of iron and manganese • Iron- red & yellow • Manganese- black mineral • Organics- black hummus • Aerobic soil is very consistent, while anaerobic is variable, with patterns, and paint-like designs (often rusty) • Deeper soils are lighter, yellower, or redder

15. Munsell Soil Chart • http://envirothonpa.org/documents/munsellcharts.pdf • Three parts • Hue (color) • Value (light or dark) • Chroma (color intensity) • Uses: Archeology, crime scenes, carpet manufacturing

16. Bird Calls and Songs