May 10 th

1. May 10th QUIZ!! Chapter 31 (1&2) and 32 (1&2) notes Computer room tomorrow! Rm3201 Sub 5th, 6th and 7th HW- Chapter 32 notes 1 & 2

2. Reptiles – Class Reptilia • A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs with several membranes

3. Form and Function in Reptiles • Most reptiles have adapted to a fully terrestrial life: • tough, scaly skin • well developed lungs • a double-loop circulatory system • a water-conserving excretory system – kidney’s • strong limbs • internal fertilization • shelled, terrestrial eggs • control of body temperature by changing their environment (?)

4. Body Temperature Control in Reptiles • Reptiles are ectotherms • They rely on behavior to help control body temperature • To warm up, they bask in the sun • To cool down, they move to the shade/water

5. Reptile Feeding & Respiration • Reptiles range from herbivores to carnivores • The lungs of reptiles are spongy, providing more gas exchange area than those of amphibians • Most reptiles have 2 efficient lungs to exchange gas with the environment

6. Reptile Circulation & Excretion • Reptiles have an efficient double-loop circulatory system • Their heart contains two atria and either one or two ventricles • Urine is produced in the kidneys of reptiles • By eliminating wastes that contain little water, a reptile can conserve water

7. Reptile Response • The basic pattern of a reptile’s brain is similar to that of an amphibian • In addition to a pair of nostrils, most reptiles have a pair of sensory organs in the roof of the mouth that can detect chemicals • Reptiles have simple ears and can pick up on ground vibrations and body heat

8. Reptile Reproduction • All reptiles reproduce by internal fertilization • Most reptiles are oviparous (lay eggs that develop outside the mother’s body) • Reptilian eggs are amniotic • They contain a shell and membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop without drying out

9. Evolution of Vertebrates

10. Birds – Class Aves • Birds are reptile-like animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature • They have an outer covering of feathers; two legs that are covered with scales; and front limbs modified into wings

11. Birds • This single most important characteristic that separates birds from living reptiles, and from all other living animals, is feathers • Feathers are made mostly of protein and develop from pits in the birds’ skin • Feathers help birds fly and also help to keep them warm • The 2 main types of feathers are contour feathers and down feathers

12. Form, Function, and Flight • Birds have a number of adaptations that enable them to fly: • Highly efficient digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems • Aerodynamic feathers and wings • Strong chest muscles

13. Form, Function, and Flight

14. Body Temperature and Control in Birds • Birds are endotherms (animals that can generate their own body heat) • They have a high rate of metabolism compared to ectotherms (metabolism produces heat) • A bird’s feathers insulate its body enough to conserve most of its metabolic energy

15. Bird Feeding • The more food a bird eats, the more heat energy its metabolism can generate • A bird’s beak, or bill, is adapted to the type of food they eat

16. Bird Digestionesophagus  crop  stomach  gizzard  small intestines large intestines cloaca

17. Bird Respiration • When a bird inhales, most air first enters large posterior air sacs in the body cavity and bones • The inhaled air then flows through the lungs in a series of small tubes • air flows in a single direction • This constant, one way flow of oxygen-rich air helps birds maintain their high metabolic rate and generates enough energy for flight

18. Circulation, Excretion, and Response in Birds • Circulation • 4 chambered hearts and two separate circulatory loops • Excretion • Similar to those of reptiles – white, pasty uric acid droppings • Response • Well developed sense organs • Well developed eyes that can see color • Excellent hearing

19. Reproduction in Birds • Bird eggs are amniotic eggs • They have hard outer shells • Most birds incubate their eggs until they hatch

20. Characteristics of Mammals • Meaning – mamma = breast • Have hair • Provides insulation and water proofing • Endotherms (warm blooded) • Feed young w/ milk from mammary glands • Respiratory system includes: diaphragm and lungs

21. Characteristics of Mammals • Teeth modified according to type of food eaten • Chisel-shaped for gnawing (beaver) • Canines for tearing and puncturing (lion) • Premolar & molars for slicing, shearing, crushing and grinding (humans) • Modified limbs • Opposable thumb to grasp objects • Wings to fly (bats) • Claws to climb • Ability to learn

22. Characteristics of Mammals • Complex nervous system and senses • Have sweat, oil and scent glands • 4 chambered heart

23. Classified by how they reproduce • 3 sub-classes • 1. Monotremes • Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs • Found only in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea • Duck-billed platypus and spiny ant-eater

24. 2. Marsupials • Young have a short period of development within the mother’s body followed by a second period of development inside a pouch made of skin and hair outside the mother’s body • Kangaroos, opossum, spotted cuscus, and giant anteater • Most found in Australia

25. 3. Placental mammals • Carry young inside of uterus until development is nearly complete • Young are nourished via placenta • Time inside the placenta is known as gestation • 95% of all mammals • Humans (9 months), elephants (22 months), dogs (9 weeks), bison (~9 ½ months), lions (~4 months), and dolphins (12 months)