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Animal Cloning

Animal Cloning. Heidi Leuszler Parkland College March 2002. Types of Cloning. Gene Cell Organism (both plant and animal) Embryo Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning. Considered the “embryo”. Human Development.

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Animal Cloning

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  1. Animal Cloning Heidi Leuszler Parkland College March 2002

  2. Types of Cloning Gene Cell Organism (both plant and animal) Embryo Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning

  3. Considered the “embryo” Human Development Zygote  morula  blastula  gastrula  fetus  baby  adult

  4. fertilization Zygote

  5. Morula

  6. Stem cells Blastula

  7. Gastrula Will become the anus opening to the digestive tract

  8. Fetus

  9. Baby

  10. Adult

  11. Embryonic Cloning • A morula is broken into individual cells • Each cell has potential to become a complete organism • Only can occur at early stages of development (<16-cell stage) • Used in agriculture for 25+ years • Cannot make clones of adults

  12. Cloned Embryos Original Embryo

  13. Reproductive Cloning • DNA from a body cell of an adult is obtained • An egg cell has the DNA removed from it • DNA from body cell inserted into egg cell • Altered egg stimulated to develop • Can become a clone to an adult organism

  14. Embryos can be grown (in theory) to complete development and form an adult The result would be a genetic copy of the adult the original DNA was taken from OR Stem cells can be removed and used in therapeutic cloning

  15. Stem cells Therapeutic Cloning • Same as reproductive cloning in process • Stem cells can be harvested from embryo • Stem cells are used for creating medical treatments and possibly new organs

  16. Ethical Dilemmas Is cloning wrong? This question is too simple… it is not a simple issue!

  17. November 26, 2001 Should therapeutic cloning be legal? 54%..................Yes 46%..................No Total: 11165 votes July 23, 2001 Should scientists pursue human cloning? 50%..................Yes 50%..................No Total: 6024 votes August 6, 2001 Should the government fund embryonic stem cell research? 60%..................Yes 40%..................No Total: 6685 votes

  18. Have we cloned a human yet? • Research: • 19 eggs injected with adult DNA: • 2 divided until 4-cell stage • 1 divided until 6-cell stage • Others failed to develop Have we cloned a human successfully?

  19. It is important to understand our definitions of Human and Nature before we can make a judgment about cloning issues.

  20. When is an embryo a human? Research: 4-cell stage- cells unspecialized, have potential to become entire organism 16-cell stage- cells genetically specialized, fated to become specific tissues 30 days- specialization of cells into definable organs: heart, brain, tongue, legs, arms Most scientists maintain that a 10-day old embryo is not yet a life because the nervous system hasn't developed, an event that begins around day 14. Many say any cell with potential to become an adult

  21. “It’s not natural!” What is your definition of “nature”? • A primitive, wild condition, an uncultivated state • The material world, esp. as surrounding man and existing independently of his activities. • Reality, as distinguished from any effect of art • The physical being • The particular combination of qualities belonging to a person or thing • by birth or constitution. • The Universe, with all of its phenomena. • The sum total of the forces at work throughout the Universe Are humans and their activities included in your definition of “nature”?

  22. What is “natural”? • For thousands of years, people have bred animals and plants with traits we desire (domestic dog, corn, etc.) • Farmers artificially inseminate cattle every season • Hundreds of babies are born every year due to in vitro fertilization techniques • Breeders use embryonic cloning to copy cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, race horses………. • We modify viruses and use them as vaccines, injecting new DNA and proteins into our bodies • Researchers use stem cells from naturally-occurring embryos Is this a good argument to use against cloning when we do so many other “unnatural” things?

  23. Is it really an argument against progress? Against technology? • What defines “progress”? • Is technology inherently bad? • Is it application or the actual act of doing something that is wrong? • Hiroshima vs. nuclear power • Small pox vaccine vs. bioterrorism • Test tube babies vs. cloned babies • Should the negative acts of the few govern progress?

  24. Religion vs. Science What role should religion play in ethical decisions? What role does religion play for you? What role should religion play in making laws and regulations about science?

  25. National Journal, Sept 1, 2001 What ideas most influence Americans' opinions on cloning? 16% education 15% news reports 4% personal experience 3% family and friends 10% other factors or no opinion 36% were guided by their religious beliefs. Nonreligious beliefs were the next 17%

  26. British Medical Journal, Dec 15, 2001 Russian Orthodox church threatens excommunication for human cloning: it will excommunicate any Russian doctors or scientists doing research into human cloning, and people who receive or use cloned stem cells for medical treatment National Catholic Reporter, Dec 21, 2001 Catholic Church rules that human clones will have souls with the first spark of life. Clones will be equal in dignity and rights with human beings created through fertilization. National Catholic Bioethics Center, Boston

  27. Regulation and Patenting FDA/ NSF/NIH laws governing research Who will fund the research? Who has rights to the research? Private vs. public

  28. “The National Institutes of Health has, in a controversial decision, announced that it will support scientists who want to work with established embryonic stem cell lines--but not investigators who want to establish the lines in the first place, because the process entails killing an embryo and so would contravene a congressional ban. Although some 70 legislators have objected to the NIH decision, the agency is now drawing up guidelines to govern the work. They require that the cell lines must have been derived from freely donated spare embryos resulting from treatment of infertility, not from embryos created specifically for research. In late May the National Bioethics Advisory Commission was set to issue yet more liberal recommendations. It favors federal grants for scientists both to experiment with and to derive embryonic stem cells from abandoned embryos, a shift that would mean lifting the congressional ban on most embryo research” -2000

  29. No embryonic or genetic engineering research can be performed if there is the slightest threat to human reproduction. If a stem cell has the potential to incorporate into a woman’s eggs or a man’s sperm, the research is not approved for federal funding. Many other countries have made regulations concerning embryo cloning and the use of stem cells, but few have the ability to implement them.

  30. Private industry vs. public/Academic research…….. Lower research monies are found in federally-funded labs Private industry is profiting off this research, and thus is able to fund more research. With bigger and better machines, they will be in charge of the research. Is this good or bad? Benefits to each? Negative implications?

  31. Outcomes of these regulations? Federal regulations can keep things in check. Governments have the infrastructure for large-scale regulation and penalty systems in place. Without federal regulations for the research, private industry has no restrictions. President Bush’s decision in 2001 to allow stem cell and embryonic research to continue will allow regulation to occur at a federal level. Many argue that cloning is going to happen, and regulation is the issue.

  32. Who owns the genes?Who owns the gene products?Who has permission to modify the genes? Academic Institutions Private Research Companies Pharmaceutical Companies

  33. Patent laws Currently 8000 US patents on genes or gene products 14 March 2002 Bill introduced in US Congress could suspend federal patent laws for some doctors and medical researchers working with disease-causing genes. Approximately 400 examiners in the USPTO Biotechnology Group examine a variety of biotech patent applications relating to all fields of biotechnology – from genes and enzymes to pharmaceuticals and combinatorial chemistry to gene therapy and antibody engineering.

  34. Feb. 6 2002 European Patent Office granted European Patent No. 0849990 including 21 claims covering various aspects of the use of nuclear transfer technology in the cloning of non-human animals to Geron Corp. (Menlo CA) March 14 2002 A new bill introduced to Congress to alter federal patent laws for non-commercial genetics research or disease testing

  35. Main Ethical Questions for Scientists • What is the moral status of the organisms created by cloning? • Is it permissible to create such a developing human entity only to destroy it? • Is it right to seek human eggs for scientific research? • What are the ethical issues relating to the person whose cells are being cloned? • Will therapeutic cloning facilitate reproductive cloning, the birth of a cloned baby?

  36. Keep yourself informed!!!!

  37. Resources Geron Corporation http://www.geron.com/ Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/ Advanced Cell Technology http://www.advancedcell.com/ WiCell Research Institute http://www.wicell.org/ National Institute of Health http://www.nih.gov News Updates: http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/112401ezzell/news.html http://msn.slate.com http://www.washingtonpost.com The President’s Council on Bioethics http://bioethics.gov/ National Bioethics Advisory Commission Archives (grant ended 2001) http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/nbac/ National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/ Kennedy Institute of Ethics http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/index2.htm

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