1. James Monroe By Andy Ashraf

2. James Monroe • Was elected in 1816. 183 to 34 electoral votes over Rufus King. The last time the Federalist ran a candidate. • Reelected in 1820, he didn’t have an opponent (231 to 1).

4. Era of Good Feelings • This was a period of time in the political history of the U.S. that reflected a sense of unity and national purpose especially after the War of 1812. • This era began in 1815 and started with bitter conflicts between the Federalist and Republicans. • After the political bitterness declined the Federalist dissolved and were extinct leaving the Republican-Democratic parties dominant.

5. American System • This was an mercantilist economic plan that consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements. • Originally based on Alexander Hamilton’s idea. • Congressman Henry Clay was the first to refer to it as the “American Plan”.

6. Convention Treaty of 1818 • This was a treaty signed in 1818 between the U.S. and Great Britain over boundary issues resulting in the Oregon Country also know as the Columbia District. • This marked Great Britain’s last major loss in the U.S.

7. Adams-Onis Treaty • Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, was treaty between U.S. and Spain that gave U.S. the Florida territory. • In addition to gaining Florida, the treaty also settles claims of the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean.

8. Monroe Doctrine • This is a policy of the U.S. that was introduced in 1823. • It stated that any European nations that tried to colonize north or south of America would be referred to as an act of aggression and would lead to U.S. interference. • It also stated that the U.S. would not interfere with any European colonies or Latin settlements.

9. Panic of 1819 • A reaction of The War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. • British ships resumed trade with their routes, ending the American’s shipping boom. • European farm production also resumed, lowering international demand for American foodstuffs. • Domestic Land prices increased. • Settlers bought credit, loans. • State banks foreclosed on bad loans.

10. Missouri Compromise (1819-1821) • With geographical expansion, Americans wondered if slavery also expanded as well. • New York Representative, James Tallmadge Jr. demanded that if Missouri want to enter the Union, it should abolish slavery. • Former Federalist, seized the issue. • First time Northern Reform intersected sectional politics. • First time the South threaten to secede in Congress.

11. Missouri Compromise (1819-1821) • 1820- Congress achieved a compromise with the sectional differences. • Maine as a free state in 1820 and Missouri as a slave state the following year. Thus, maintaining a balance between free and slave states in Congress. • Slavery is prohibited north of 36⁰ 30’ north latitude, the southern border of Missouri and slavery was permitted south of the line.

12. Missouri Compromise

13. Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy(1822) • Inspired by the revolutionary spirit and actions of slaves during the 1791 Haitian Revolution, and furious at the closing of the African Church, Vesey began to plan a slave rebellion. • Was to take place on Bastille Day, July 14, 1822, became known to thousands of blacks throughout Charleston and along the Carolina coast. • The plot called for Vesey and his group of slaves and free blacks to execute their enslavers and temporarily liberate the city of Charleston. Vesey and his followers planned to sail to Haiti to escape retaliation. • Two slaves opposed to Vesey's scheme leaked the plot. Charleston authorities charged 131 men with conspiracy. In total, 67 men were convicted and 35 hanged, including Denmark Vesey. • Sandy Vesey, one of Denmark's sons, was transported, probably to Cuba. Vesey's last wife Susan later immigrated to Liberia. Another son, Robert Vesey, survived to rebuild Charleston's African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1865.

14. Marshall Courts • Court decisions that were to encourage commercial enterprise, by limiting regulatory power of the states. • Chief Justice John Marshall made 2 key decisions: • Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)- States can’t interfere in contracts. • Gibbons vs. Ogden(1824)- it enjoined the state of New York from giving a monopoly of steamboat line to James Fulton.