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6.02 Components of Construction

6.02 Components of Construction. Foundation. The underlying base of the house There are 3 types of foundation construction: Basement Crawl space with pier foundation Slab. The footing is the very bottom of the foundation; usually concrete

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6.02 Components of Construction

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  1. 6.02 Components of Construction

  2. Foundation • The underlying base of the house • There are 3 types of foundation construction: • Basement • Crawl space with pier foundation • Slab • The footing is the very bottom of the foundation; usually concrete • A slab foundation is a house that is built on grade with no basement or crawl space. • A slab has no space underneath and is built on a hard surface

  3. Foundation Basement Crawl Space

  4. Frame • The frame is the skeleton that the rest of the house is built around • The floor frame is completed after the foundation walls • Joists – lightweight horizontal support members • Girders – a large horizontal member in the floor that takes the loads of joists and the weight of the floor or roof above • Subfloors – a covering of plywood sheets nailed directly to the floor joists

  5. Frame

  6. Walls • Built on top of the floor frame • Supports the ceiling, upper floors, and roof

  7. Wall Frame • Studs – 2-inch or 4-inch by 2-inch or 6-inch vertical framing members • Headers – small, built-up beams that carry the load of the structure over door and window openings • Plates – horizontal members where studs are attached at the top & bottom of the wall • Sole plate: Supports the wall at the bottom • Top plate: Supports the ceiling joist and roof • Sill plate: provides support below a window

  8. Wall Frame

  9. Ceiling/Roof • The roof frame consists of a series of rafters that support the weight of the roof

  10. Ceiling/Roof • When beginning to frame the roof, begin with: • Ceiling Joists: horizontal beams that support the ceiling and often act as floor joists for second story and attic floors. They also support the bottom end of the rafters

  11. Ceiling/Roof • Rafters: parallel beams that support the weight of the roof, hang past the edge of the exterior wall to provide the overhang which prevents water from running down the walls

  12. Ceiling/Roof • Ridge: horizontal line at which 2 slopes of the roof meet, usually the highest point of the house

  13. Ceiling/Roof • Truss Rafter/Roof Truss: group of members forming a rigid triangular framework for the roof, often assembled at a factory delivered to site, & attached directly to the double top plate. Usually span the distance between exterior walls

  14. Ceiling/Roof • When building a house, you either use a ridge and rafters OR truss rafters • Never use both

  15. Structural Roofing Shingles Slate/Tile Heavy, expensive , durable Requires stronger rafters and other framing members to support its extra weight • Thin pieces of material for laying in overlapping rows on roofs • Often made from asphalt

  16. Structural Roofing • Metal - aluminum and tin-plated steel are used in sheet form • Copper may be used on an entire roof or as an accent to a small area • Less expensive than tile, but more expensive than shingles Copper roof Metal roof

  17. Insulation • Material used to restrict the flow of air between a house’s interior and the outdoors • Should be thickest over the ceiling • R-value: measures how well a material insulates or its capacity to resist winter heat loss and summer heat gain

  18. Insulation Blanket Loose Fill Used in spaces where other types of insulation are difficult to install Comes in bags and may poured or blown into a space • Comes in long rolls, or batts, which are shorter rolls usually 4 to 8 feet long • Commonly used in attics, floors, walls, and around pipes and ducts

  19. Housing Systems - Electrical Panel Box Ground fault circuit interrupters Required in kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoors to reduce the risk of electrical shock • A switch that automatically interrupts an electrical current in an abnormal condition

  20. Housing Systems - Plumbing Water Supply Waste Water Removal Waste disposal pipes are completely separate from the water supply system They rely on gravity to remove waste Wastewater comes mainly from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry areas • Water is supplied under pressure to y our house from a community water main or a private well • Enters the house through a pipe called the building main

  21. Heating and Cooling Forced Air Radiant Heat Use resistance wiring to produce heat in the wire The wire is placed in the ceiling, floor, or baseboards The heat moves from the wiring through the air molecules since heat travels from hot to cooler objects This heating system allows complete freedom in furniture and drapery placement Can be very expensive to install and electricity bills will be higher • The air is heated by a furnace and delivered to the rooms through supply ducts • Gas, oil, or electricity is used to heat the air in the furnace

  22. Heating and Cooling Heat Pump Portable Heat sources that can moved from room to room Mini heaters… • An electric refrigeration unit used to either heat or cool the house • Most efficient in areas with moderate to mild winter climates

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