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Compensatory-Response Model

The compensatory-response model is a key concept in classical conditioning, building on the preparatory-response theory and opponent-process theory of emotion. It posits that the body's after-effects to an unconditioned stimulus (US) can be elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS). Emotional responses consist of two competing processes: the immediate A-process and the counteracting B-process. Over time, the B-process grows more pronounced with repeated exposure, influencing the resultant emotional state. Evidence from studies, such as insulin administration and conditioned morphine tolerance, supports this model's implications for emotional and physiological responses.

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Compensatory-Response Model

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  1. Compensatory-Response Model • The compensatory-response model is one version of preparatory-response theory • In this model of classical conditioning, the compensatory after-effects to a US are what come to be elicited by the CS • Based on the opponent-process theory of emotion / motivation

  2. Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion (Solomon & Corbit, 1974) • Emotional events elicit two competing processes: • The primary- or A-process that is immediately elicited by the event • e.g., taking an exam elicits an unpleasant A-state • An opponent- or B-process that is the opposite of the A-process and counteracts it • e.g., the pain during the exam (A-state) creates a pleasant relief response (B-state) following the exam

  3. A-process magnitude & duration of the A-state are determined by the stimulus event magnitude & duration are fixed (no change with experience) B-process dynamic; changes with repeated exposure with repeated exposure the B-state begins earlier, has greater magnitude, & lasts longer if time passes without exposure, the changes in the B-state reverse Changes due to repeated exposure depend upon short delays between presentations Properties of the A and B processes

  4. Underlying Opponent Processes • First few stimulations • After several stimulations

  5. Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion • The actual emotional state of the organism is determined by the difference in magnitude between the 2 states: • The A-state minus the B-state = end emotional result • If A-state > B-state, then the emotion experienced will be A-like • If B-state > A-state, then the emotional result will be B-like

  6. Resultant Emotional State • First few stimulations • After many stimulations

  7. Evidence for a Compensatory-Response Model • Siegel (1972) gave rats repeated injections of Insulin • Insulin’s effects are to reduce the level of glucose in the blood • Tested by giving the rats an injection of saline (instead of insulin) • Measured the CR (change in blood glucose levels)

  8. Siegel (1972) Results • There was a strong CR that occurred, but it was an INCREASE in blood glucose levels • (The opposite of Insulin’s direct effect) • CR ≠ UR, and the CR was definitely compensatory

  9. More Evidence in Support of the Compensatory-Response Model • Conditioned morphine tolerance (Siegel, Hinson, & Frank, 1978) • Experimental Group: CS (light change & noise reduction) paired with US (injection of morphine) for 9 days • Unpaired Control Group • Placebo Control Group (CS paired with injection of saline)

  10. Siegel et al. Results (Conditioned Drug Tolerance) • Test: present CS, inject every rat with morphine, & place each rat on a moderately hot surface • Measure latency to lick their paws • The faster they lick, the quicker they feel the pain

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