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4 th BioEcon Workshop Venice (Italy), 28 th -29 th august 2003

Incentive Policies for Biodiversity Conservation and Protection in France: current practices and trends. 4 th BioEcon Workshop Venice (Italy), 28 th -29 th august 2003 Bénédicte Rulleau, Jean-Michel Salles LAMETA, Montpellier (France). Plan. Aim of this article

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4 th BioEcon Workshop Venice (Italy), 28 th -29 th august 2003

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  1. Incentive Policies for Biodiversity Conservation and Protection in France: current practices and trends 4th BioEcon Workshop Venice (Italy), 28th-29th august 2003 Bénédicte Rulleau, Jean-Michel Salles LAMETA, Montpellier (France)

  2. Plan • Aim of this article • Characteristics of economic incentive in favour of biodiversity protection in France • Study of their diversity • Study of their efficiency • Conclusions

  3. Aim of this article • In economic theory, incentive measures = most efficient way to incite agents (under strong constraints on information) • In the reality, more complicate because of asymmetry of information, administration characteristics and institutional trajectories • Objective: to determine • What kind of economic measures in favour of biodiversity protection are existing? • What can be implemented? • Goal of the Ministry of the Environment: to define the French strategy of biodiversity protection

  4. Categories of economic incentives • Contracts • Subsidies and loans with preferential rates • Dissuasive taxes • Tax advantages • Allowances and permits • Measure of economic support • Institution building • Formation • Information dissemination

  5. Contracts in France • Characteristics: finance investments expenditures or those bearing on management constraints => financial compensation of additional costs and income losses + incentive part • Relative importance: widely used • Sectors / actors targeted: agricultural sector in terms of funds as well as in terms of surfaces (can be altered with Natura 2000) • Funds: EAGGF, modulation funds • Pb:essentially control; continuity; definition of good management constraints • Ex: Agri-Environmental Measures, Territorial Contracts of Exploitation

  6. Subsidies / loans with preferential rates • Characteristics : help to finance investments expenditures, direct aids, loans with preferential rates… • Relative importance: widely used in France • Sectors / actors targeted: all sectors but each subsidy specifically targets one group of agents • Funds: national or European plans or programmes • Pb: pre-assignement of funds • Ex: Single Programming Document, French Rural Development plan, LIFE

  7. Dissuasive taxes / tax advantages • Characteristics : dissuasive taxes = envtal taxes, envtal charges (no performance bonds); tax advantages are coupled with regulations • Relative importance: widely used in France • Sectors / actors targeted: dissuasive taxes =water sector (consumers of water); tax advantages = forest sector (foresters and forest owners) • Pb: dissuasive taxes do not affect farmers; continuity; opposite effects of other policies • Ex: dissuasive taxes = pollution charges, charge for abstraction of water; tax advantages = Sérot-Monichon plan

  8. Other economic incentives • Allowances and permits: only one example not used • Measures of economic support: preserve traditional products and patterns of production in specific areas; few examples (are replaced by agri-environmental contracts); funded by the EU; question of “banal” biodiversity • Institution building: multiplicity of statutes => problem of coordination • Formation: important because can touch all members of the society • Information dissemination: usable by all institutions; cheap of local communities; labelling

  9. INCENTIVE MEASURES Tot. FUNDS EU French ministries Local Priv. or assoc. EAGGF Comm. initiative Ag Env Other Subsidies and loans 23 3 2 7 5 2 8 5 Contracts 21 8 - 12 5 2 5 1 Measures of economic support 4 4 - 4 1 1 - - Institution building 7 2 4 4 6 2 6 3 TOTAL 55 17 6 27 17 7 19 9 Institutional diversity

  10. Spatial diversity • Question of the decentralization • Competence of each group of institutions: • Regions = development of natural environment, management of rivers, public sensibilization • Departments = water management, delimitation of key natural areas, information dissemination • Towns = efficient link between governmental bodies and public agencies at the local level, environmental protection (as “town communities”)

  11. TARGETED AGENTS INCENTIVE MEASURES Users of ecosyst Tot. Consumers / taxpayers Local coll. Own. Assoc Tourists Dissuasive and incentive taxes 1 6 3 2 - - - - Tax advantages 8 5 4 - 2 - 1 Subsidies and loans 23 21 19 12 - 11 - Allowances and permits 1 - 1 - - - - Contracts 21 21 7 6 - 6 Measures of economic support - 4 4 1 1 - 1 - Institution building 7 5 6 7 - 7 - Formation 3 3 - - - - - Information provision 3 3 - - - - TOTAL 76 65 40 26 2 2 25 Diversity in terms of targeted actors

  12. Diversity in terms of instruments • Essentially contractual approach / French vision of biodiversity conservation that prioritises maintenance of men in ecosystems • But constraining and limits doubtless the number of probable interested recipients

  13. Efficiency • Effective objective to protect biodiversity? • Elements of biodiversity protected? • Directs effects on biodiversity?

  14. Yes Yes/no No TOT. European Commission 2 3 4 9 Ministry of the Environment 8 3 3 14 Ministry of the Agriculture 13 3 3 19 Other Ministries 2 1 1 4 Regional Councils 3 - - 3 Departmental Councils 5 1 - 6 Town Councils - 2 - 2 TOTAL 33 13 11 57 Effective objective to protect biodiversity?

  15. Species Ecosystems Both TOT. European Commission 1 4 4 9 Ministry of the Environment - 5 9 14 Ministry of the Agriculture 3 10 6 19 Other Ministries - 2 2 4 Regional Councils 1 1 1 3 Departmental Councils - 2 4 6 Town Councils - 1 1 2 TOTAL 5 25 27 57 Elements of biodiversity protected?

  16. Yes Ambig. No TOT. European Commission 2 3 4 9 Ministry of the Environment 9 4 1 14 Ministry of the Agriculture 14 1 4 19 Other Ministries 2 1 1 4 Regional Councils 3 - - 3 Departmental Councils 3 - 3 6 Town Councils - 1 1 2 TOTAL 32 10 14 57 Direct effects on biodiversity?

  17. Conclusions • Difficulty of appreciating the real effects of biological diversity conservation policies • Importance of agriculture and contractual approach • Even if existence of an important panel of tools usable for biodiversity conservation • Biodiversity conservation strategies, to be efficient, must conform to their object = be various and multiple

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