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Vertebrate Amniotes: Bird

Vertebrate Amniotes: Bird. Exercise 21. Goals for today. Learn to recognized the different anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations of birds Learn about some species biology. Class Reptilia -Aves. Class Reptilia -Avis. Hallmark characteristics of birds :

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Vertebrate Amniotes: Bird

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  1. Vertebrate Amniotes: Bird Exercise 21

  2. Goals for today • Learn to recognized the different anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations of birds • Learn about some species biology

  3. Class Reptilia-Aves Class Reptilia-Avis Hallmark characteristics of birds: • Forelimb modified into wings • Forelimb digits reduced; no claws (garras) • Body covered in feathers • Many weight-saving and strengthening adaptations of skeleton • Horny beak without teeth • Note: birds shown here mostly are the same as or closely related to those observed as skins, mounts, skulls, or feet in lab http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j44T4D_WMI&feature=related

  4. Características para facilitar el vuelo • Plumas de keratina-son escamas modificadas para mantener calor y volar • Sacos de aire- mas eficientes para respirar • Reducción de órganos- solo un ovario y no tienen la vejiga urinaria. Gónadas en ambos sexos son pequeñas • Huesos huecos- ligero para volar, no dientes, y esternón contiene los músculos para volar.

  5. Beaks Birds' diets are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and various small animals, including other birds. Because birds have no teeth, their digestive system is adapted to process unmasticated food items that are swallowed whole. Wikipedia.

  6. Feet In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal. Anisodactyly is the most common arrangement of digits in birds, with three toes forward and one back. This is common in songbirds and other perching birds, as well as hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons.

  7. Feet Birds' feet provide information about the type of habitat the animals use

  8. Sound Production • Short clicks (swifts), whistles (tinamous), and long complex songs (wrens and many passerine), including imitations (mockingbirds and lyrebirds)

  9. Sound Production Songs: primarily under the influence of sex hormones generally important in reproduction (e.g., defending territories & attracting mates) Calls: generally concerned with coordination of the behavior of a pair, family group, or flock not primarily sexual, but important in 'maintenance' activities, such as foraging, flocking, & responding to threats of predation usually are acoustically simple may serve a variety of functions.

  10. Sound production in birds: Syrinx • The avian larynx is located at the top of the trachea • Unlike the mammalian larynx, in birds it does not have vocal cords • The larynx only serves to open and close the glottis keeping food and water out of the respiratory tract. Very littler role as sound production mechanism. The syrinx produces complex sounds and can produce two independent songs simultaneously If you open carefully your bird you will see it

  11. See how the syrinx works here • http://www.indiana.edu/~songbird/multi/Cowbird%20Movie%207.swf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dx2CUMtZ-0&feature=related https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI_quJRRGxk&feature=related https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ&feature=related

  12. Cool Birds! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dcQO6Zb8Eg • Some birds can hear infrasonic sounds (below human hearing range, below 20kHz) • Most birds are not known to do so, except for the Cassowaries-large flightless, solitary birds of dense forest in New Guinea • They also produces pulsed booms between 23-32Hz that are felt as strange vibrations by humans. • These sounds allow them to communicate over long distances through thick forests, just as the elephants in West Africa. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Wn9IUR7i8s&feature=related

  13. The avifauna of Puerto Rico includes a total of 349 species, of which 166 (47.56%) are accidental, 42 (12.03%) are introduced by humans and 16 (4.58%) are endemic. Around 120 of these species breed in Puerto Rico while the majority of the others overwinter in the archipelago. Puerto Rican Avifauna Introduced

  14. The Puerto Rican Amazon (Amazonavittata), also known as the Puerto Rican Parrot or Iguaca, is the only bird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Neotropical genus Amazona Some examples of endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  15. The Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo o Pajarobobomenor(Coccyzusvieilloti) is a cuckoo endemic to the island of Puerto Rico, and is one of 4 species of lizard-cuckoos which occur only on Caribbean islands Endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  16. The Puerto Rican Screech Owl (Megascopsnudipes) or Múcaro (Spanish via Taino) is a nocturnal endemic owl of the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Megascops genus of the Strigidae family. Endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  17. The Puerto Rican Nightjar o Guabairo, Caprimulgusnoctitherus, is a very rare bird found in the coastal dry scrub forests in localized areas of southwestern Puerto Rico. Endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  18. The Green Mango o Zumbadorverde(Anthracothoraxviridis) is a large species of hummingbird endemic to the main island of Puerto Rico and its archipelago. It is usually found in the mountainous regions of the island, often in coffee and other kind of plantations. Endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  19. The Puerto Rican Emerald (Chlorostilbonmaugeaus), or Zumbadorcito de Puerto Rico in Spanish, is an endemic hummingbird found only in the archipelago of Puerto Rico. Endemic birds of Puerto Rico

  20. Zorzal Pardo Photos de Carlos Andres Rodriguez Native and endemic birds of Puerto Rico Yaboacomún: joven PájaroBoboMenor Ruiseñor Zumbadorcrestado

  21. TodayBird Skeleton

  22. Internal Anatomy

  23. Feathers

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