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Comparative Anatomy Higher Amniotes

Comparative Anatomy Higher Amniotes. Note Set 4 Chapter 3. Characteristics of Birds. Feathers present Homeothermic Single occipital condyle Scales on legs and feet. Figure 6.1. Flier and Flightless Birds. Archeopteryx - glider sternum. Figure 6.2: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.

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Comparative Anatomy Higher Amniotes

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  1. Comparative AnatomyHigher Amniotes Note Set 4 Chapter 3

  2. Characteristics of Birds • Feathers present • Homeothermic • Single occipital condyle • Scales on legs and feet Figure 6.1

  3. Flier and Flightless Birds • Archeopteryx- glider • sternum Figure 6.2: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.

  4. Classification • Modern birds- Subclass Neornithes • Ancient birds- Subclass Archeornithes • Passeriformes- Largest order of birds • Birds arose in mid-Jurassic Period (ca. 175 mya)

  5. Mammals • Mammals arose in mid-Triassic Period • Cenozoic- age of mammals • Quaternary and Tertiary • Synapsid lineage began with pelycosaurs, which therapsids succeeded • Therapsids gave rise to mammals Figure 6.3.

  6. Therapsids • Synapsid skulls • Possess hair and mandible • Heterodont dentition • Fusion of two bones • Single lower jaw bone (dentary)

  7. Evolution of Reptiles 1. Reduction in number of bones 2. Fusion of bones • In reptiles, articular bone articulates with quadrate • In mammals, dentary articulates with squamosal Figure 6.4: Mandible cladogram.

  8. Evolution of Mammalian Jaw Articular of lower jaw and quadrate of upper jaw and skull become middle ear bones: maleus, incus and stapes Figure 6.5: Jaw and middle ear bone evolution.

  9. Middle Ear Bones • Articular and quadrate evolved from 1st visceral arch • Stapes evolved from hyomandibular of 2nd arch • Eustachian tube from 1st pharyngeal pouch Figure 6.6: Origin of middle ear bones; adult (left) and embryo (right).

  10. Figure 6.7: Skeletal Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arches.

  11. Phylogeny of Mammals • Oviparous- egg layers • Therapsids and all birds • Viviparous- give birth to live young • Most mammals • Ovoviviparous- retain eggs in body and give birth to live young • Many fish and reptiles Figure 6.8: major categories of living mammals .

  12. Placental Type • Therians diverged into the metatheria (marsupials) and eutheria (placental mammals) orders • Metatheria- yolk sac placenta • Eutheria- true placenta • chorioallantoic placenta

  13. Characteristics of Mammals • Hair • Single dentary bone • Fused to form mandible in primates • Sweat glands • Mammary glands • Homeotherms • Enucleated RBC

  14. Figure 6.9: Eutheria (placenta mammals) phylogeny

  15. Orders in Class Mammalia Infraclass Ornithodelphia: • Monotremata- egg layers Infraclass Metatheria: • Marsupialia- marsupium present Infraclass Mammalia: • Artiodactyla- Even-toed ungulates • Perissodactyla- Odd-toed ungulates • Rodentia- Largest groups of placental mammals • Primates- catarrhine (Old World monkeys and humans) and platyrrhine (New World monkeys)

  16. Suborder Anthropoidea -Infraorder Platyrrhini -Infraorder Catarrhini • Two infraorders distinguished by nose form Platyrrhines • Nostrils flare to sides • Flat nose • Wide septum • New World monkeys and marmosets • Catarrhines • Nostrils point straight down • Narrow septum • Old World monkeys, apes, and humans (a) (b) Figure 6.10: Platyrrhine (a) and catarrhine (b).

  17. Literature Cited Figure 6.1- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htm Figure 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, & 6.8- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 6.5- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/QA_vs_DS_jaw.htm Figure 6.6- http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-ear/ear_htms/ear013.htm Figure 6.9- http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eutheria&contgroup=Mammalia Figure 6.10- http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/prim_4.htm

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