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Overview of Battery Technologies for IoT Applications

This review discusses various battery technologies essential for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, highlighting their energy characteristics, types, and operational behaviors. It examines both primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries, including their chemistries, energy densities, discharge rates, and suitability for different applications. The review emphasizes the crucial role of batteries in ensuring reliable performance of IoT modules and explores energy harvesting methods as solutions for battery depletion. Key battery features such as size, capacity, longevity, and environmental factors are also addressed.

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Overview of Battery Technologies for IoT Applications

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  1. NETW 1010 Internet of Things: Batteries A Short Review Dr. Eng. Amr T. Abdel-Hamid Fall 2013

  2. Eradio Calculations Eradio = (P(per Bit)* Number of Bits)+ (I sleep* V * T) Total Energy used for this module What kind of a battery needed then?!

  3. Battery (Short Review) Two cells A real battery Another battery More precisely Duracell batteries 9v battery 6v dry cell

  4. Batteries • Cheap • Easy to use • Rechargeable batteries available • Lithium Ion batteries with high capacity • Charging is simple and easy • Size of batteries is a problem • AA battery defines the size of many devices • Environment (temperature) has influence on the capacity

  5. Battery Characteristics • Size • Physical: button, AAA, AA, C, D, ... • Energy density (watts per gram or cm3) • Longevity • Capacity (Ah, for drain of C/10 at 20°C) • Number of recharge cycles • Discharge characteristics (voltage drop)

  6. Further Characteristics • Cost • Behavioral factors • Temperature range (storage, operation) • Self discharge • Memory effect • Environmental factors • Leakage, gassing, toxicity • Shock resistance

  7. Battery Organization

  8. Battery Connections

  9. Primary (Disposable) Batteries • Zinc carbon (flashlights, toys) • Heavy duty zinc chloride (radios, recorders) • Alkaline (all of the above) • Lithium (photoflash) • Silver, mercury oxide (hearing aid, watches) • Zinc air

  10. Alkaline Battery Discharge

  11. Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries • Nickel cadmium • Nickel metal hydride • Alkaline • Lithium ion • Lithium ion polymer • Lead acid

  12. Nickel Cadmium Batteries • Chemistry Cadmium (-), nickel hydroxide (+) Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte • Features • Rugged, long life, economical • Good high discharge rate (for power tools) • Relatively low energy density • Toxic

  13. NiCd Recharging • Over 1000 cycles (if properly maintained) • Fast, simple charge (even after long storage) C/3 to 4C with temperature monitoring • Self discharge 10% in first day, then 10%/mo Trickle charge (C/16) will maintain charge • Memory effect (Medium Effect over time)

  14. NiCd Memory Effect

  15. NiMH Battery Discharge

  16. NiMH Recharging • Less prone to memory than NiCd • Shallow discharge better than deep Degrades after 200-300 deep cycles Need regular full discharge to avoid crystals • Self discharge 1.5-2.0 more than NiCd • Longer charge time than for NiCd To avoid overheating

  17. NiCd v NiMH Self-Discharge

  18. Secondary Alkaline Batteries • Features • 50 cycles at 50% discharge • No memory effect • Shallow discharge better than deeper

  19. NiCd v Alkaline Discharge

  20. Lithium Ion Batteries • Chemistry Graphite (-), cobalt or manganese (+) Nonaqueous electrolyte • Features • 40% more capacity than NiCd • Flat discharge (like NiCd) • Self-discharge 50% less than NiCd • Expensive

  21. Lithium Ion Recharging • 300 cycles • 50% capacity at 500 cycles

  22. Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries • Chemistry Graphite (-), cobalt or manganese (+) Nonaqueous electrolyte • Features • Slim geometry, flexible shape, light weight • Potentially lower cost (but currently expensive) • Higher discharge • Lower energy density, fewer cycles than Li-ion

  23. Battery Capacity

  24. Discharge Rates

  25. Recharging

  26. Energy harvesting •  Capacity of battery limits the lifetime of the device • Battery depletion -> Device cannot work -> (Sensor) network cannot work • Idea: recharge the batteries during operation • Use energy from the environment • Current approaches • Photovoltaics: Solar modules for sensor nodes • Thermoelectric generators • Conversion of temperature differences to energy • Kinetic energy conversion • Piezo-electric principle already tested for shoes • MEMS gas turbines • Convert air- or fluid streams

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