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Alkaloids

Alkaloids. Alkaloids. Distribution Properties Role in plants Defense compounds Animal poisoning Lupine Groundsel Larkspur Jimson weed (Scopolamine) Henban (Atropine) Other roles in plants. Lupines. Texas bluebonnet. Effects of alkaloids on humans. High biological activity

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Alkaloids

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  1. Alkaloids

  2. Alkaloids • Distribution • Properties • Role in plants • Defense compounds • Animal poisoning • Lupine • Groundsel • Larkspur • Jimson weed (Scopolamine) • Henban (Atropine) • Other roles in plants

  3. Lupines Texas bluebonnet

  4. Effects of alkaloids on humans • High biological activity • Produce varying degrees of physiological and psychological responses - largely by interfering with neurotransmitters • others interfere with membrane transport, protein synthesis or other processes • In large doses - highly toxic - fatal • In small doses, many have therapeutic value • muscle relaxants, tranquilizers, pain killers, mind altering drugs, chemotherapy

  5. Psychoactive alkaloids • Although only a small percent are psychoactive, these get much focus • Affect the central nervous system - often by influencing neurotransmitters • Categories of psychoactive cmpds • Stimulants • Hallucinogens • Depressants • May also be narcotic (addictive)

  6. Psychoactive alkaloids

  7. Alkaloid synthesis • Most alkaloids are synthesized from a few common amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine or argenine, aspartic acid, & lysine) • Nicotinic acid precursor for part of nicotine • Purine precursor for caffeine • Some alkaloids synthesized from terpenes - along mevalonic acid pathway • Generally classified by the predominant ring structure and/or carbon skeleton

  8. Tropane alkaloids Many of these psychoactive alkaloids

  9. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

  10. Piperidine alkaloids

  11. Piperidine/Pyridine alkaloids

  12. Purine alkaloids Figure 3-5 Caffeine

  13. Quinoline alkaloids

  14. Isoquinoline alkaloids

  15. Indole alkaloids Vindoline Vinblastine (Catharanthus)

  16. Quinolizidine alkaloids

  17. Steroidal alkaloids

  18. Steroidal alkaloids

  19. Diterpenoid alkaloids

  20. Amine alkaloids Alkaloids without heterocyclic nitrogen atoms

  21. Other classes of alkaloids • Betalain alkaloids - pigment alkaloids • Lycopodium alkaloids - restricted to club mosses • Peptide alkaloids

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