measuring weather issues for pesticide applicators part 2

1. Measuring Weather Issues for Pesticide Applicators Part 2 by Linda S. Wiles Penn State Extension Educator

2. Using Climate Predictions Long-term (seasonal)� to schedule crop species, cultivars Short-term (8-14 day, 6-10 day, 3-7 day) � to schedule irrigation, maintenance, pesticide applications See NOAA www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/forecasts

3. Using NOAA Predictions 6-10 Day Forecast To schedule irrigation, fertilization, and chemical application Recommended by Hu and Hubbard from University of Nebraska

4. NOAA � Weather Conversions Temperature � 77?Fahrenheit 25?Celsius 298.15?Kelvin Wind Speed � 9 mph 7.82 kt 4.02 m/s 14.48 km/h 13.2 ft/s 3 Beaufort Pressure � 29 inch mercury 982.05 milllibars 0.97 atmospheres 98205.25 pascals 982.05 hectopascals 1001.41 gm/sq.cm. 736.6 mm mercury 14.24 lb/sq.in

5. Order of Weather Measurements 1st - Wind Direction 2nd - Wind Speed

6. Wind Direction Recording Tips Use compass to find magnetic direction - where wind comes from Avoid steel objects while measuring - they may cause false readings Use compass reading in degrees - not just N, S, etc.

7. Compass Wind Direction Reading Face the wind Measure in degrees Automatic calculation Compass Degrees North to East 0 to 90 East to South 90 to 180 S to W 180 -270 W to N � 270-360Compass Degrees North to East 0 to 90 East to South 90 to 180 S to W 180 -270 W to N � 270-360

8. Wind Direction by Degrees

9. Wind Speed Recording Tips Hold unit so that it faces the wind Measure for several seconds Record at estimated height of spray (if possible) Wind speeds increase with higher altitudes

10. Compass Care Check accuracy prior to field use Protect from excess heat or cold (don�t leave in a vehicle) Keep away from magnetic fields - belt buckles, knives, magnets, etc.

11. Hand-held Wind Speed Reading Current � check for gusts Average � evens out gusts + calm � time based Maximum � highlights problems - time based

12. Temperature Measure temperature at time of application Avoid spraying in hot temperatures Esp. in high humidity If you must, use larger spray droplet size and lower equipment pressure

13. Hand-held Temperature Reading ?F air temperature in shade Height of unit Some include min/max

14. Humidity Relative Absolute RealFeel Temperature? patented Accuweather.com? index RealFeel Temperature? index includes Temperature, Humidity, Wind, Sun Intensity, Cloudiness, Precipitation, Elevation � to measure how weather feels to humans.RealFeel Temperature? index includes Temperature, Humidity, Wind, Sun Intensity, Cloudiness, Precipitation, Elevation � to measure how weather feels to humans.

15. Hand-held Humidity RH Reading % moisture of air in shade At high temperatures, air can hold more moisture RELATIVE measure

16. NOAA Calculators - RH Enter T and Dew Point in ?F or ?C 72?F and 69?F Dew Point ? 90.31% RH

17. Combination Data Wind Speed + Temperature + Humidity ? Wind Chill Heat Index Dew Point

18. Hand-held Wind Chill Reading Measured in ?F = temperature >45?F <3 mph Defined by US National Weather Service

19. Wind Chill Define: combines temperature + wind Where: T = air temperature in ?F, < 70?F V= wind speed in mph data at 5 ft. height, clear night

20. NOAA Calculators � Wind Chill How to calculate Formula for WC (?F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T � 35.75 (V0.16) + 0.4275T (V0.16) includes modern heat transfer theory

21. Wind Chill Why important Personal - Frostbite Plants - Frost Pockets

22. Frostbite In 30 minutes with calm wind at -5?F In 10 minutes with 35 mph wind at 0 to -5?F In 5 minutes with 45 mph wind at -15?F

23. Frost Pockets Close to ground level, cold air trapped in low areas � possible 15�F lower than higher ground Hand-held meters can track winter air inversions Cold weather protections can be implemented Reduced damage to fruit and landscape plants Caplan, 1988

24. Hand-held Heat Index Reading ?F air temperature in shade = air temperature < 70?F Human comfort measure

25. Heat Index Define: combines temperature + humidity Where: T in ?F = ambient dry bulb temperature R = % RH [Canada�s Humidex uses dew point in ?K]

26. NOAA Calculators � Heat Index How to calculate Formula for HI (?F) = -42.379 + 2.04901523T +10.14333127R � 0.22475541TR � 6.83783 x 10-3T2 � 5.481717 x 10-2R2 + 1.22874 x 10-3T+R + 8.5282 x 10-4TR2 � 1.99 x 10-4T2R2 Multiple Regression Formula with +1.3?F; R.G. Steadman, 1979

27. Heat Index Why important Personal � Heat Disorders Plants � Increased Phytotoxicity

28. Heat Disorders Heat Index Physical Response 80-90 ?F Lethargy 90-105 ?F Sunstroke, Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion 105-130 ?F Above, + possible Heat Stroke 130 ?F+ Above, + likely Heat Stroke If DIRECT SUN, add 15 ?F to HI

29. Likelihood of Heat Disorders - NOAA Caution -T > 80 ?F; any % RH Extreme Caution -T = 82 ?F; 90% RH -T = 90 ?F; 40% RH Danger -T = 86 ?F; 90% RH -T = 98 ?F; 40% RH Extreme Danger -T = 90 ?F; 95% RH

30. Hand-held Dew Point Reading ?F air temperature in shade DP ~ T humid DP = T dew forms DP = T <32?F, frost forms

31. Dew Point Define: combines temperature + humidity Where: T in ?F = ambient dry bulb temperature R = % RH [Canada�s Humidex uses dew point in ?K]

32. NOAA Calculators � Dew Point How to calculate Formula for TD (?F) Set x = (1 � 0.01 RH) where RH is expressed as a number from 1 to 100. Set T as temperature in ?C DPD is the difference between the temperature and dew point in ?C TD is the dew point temperature

33. Dew Point Why important Personal � more accurate estimate of human comfort than RH Plants � indicator for dew still present, disease issues

34. Spray Equipment Selection IF full-coverage needed, as for contact herbicides, fungicides or non-systemic fungicides, THEN drift-resistant fan nozzles are not suitable.

35. Inversion Conditions 25-30�F or more night/day temperature difference Clear skies + Calm winds previous night Seasonally common spring and fall, possible year-round MA Dept Ag, 2003

36. Record Conditions Weather conditions at the time of application should be listed on the pesticide application records.

37. June 5 Weather Data Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mph; also, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs.Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mph; also, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs.

38. July 6 Weather Data Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mphalso, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs. Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mphalso, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs.

39. July 16 Weather Data Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mph also, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs. Shade, Monroe Co., PA Keep below 82F. Between 45-65%RH and 2-6mph also, no air inversions and in most cases rain not predicted within 24 hrs.

40. Maximum wind for spraying 9 mph 15-16 mph 25 mph

41. Spray Pattern 3 Major Nozzle Patterns Hollow or Full Cone Spray Flat Fan Spray Solid Stream Spray

42. Hollow Cone Spray Highly diffuse spray pattern at 0 mph High potential for spray drift

43. Hollow Cone Spray

44. Hollow Cone Spray Guidelines Use for � shrubs + bushes Rounded ring pattern Finely atomized spray Post-emergent herbicides, contact fungicides and insecticides

45. Full Cone Spray Guidelines Full Cone makes a filled in circle pattern Primarily for broadcast spraying Some banded applications

46. Flat Fan Spray

47. Flat Fan Spray � Post Application

48. Flat Fan Spray Guidelines Use for row treatment, systemic applications Pattern is elliptical inverted V Variations Extended range � use for more pressures Flooding � uses larger droplets Even � non-tapered for band application

49. Solid Stream Spray

50. Solid Stream Spray

51. Solid Stream Spray Guidelines Use for spot and long range Common for application of liquid fertilizer

52. Wind & Spray Drift Problems Diverts chemical from target ? Reduces effectiveness Deposits pesticide where not needed or wanted ? Injury to susceptible vegetation ? Harm to wildlife ? Deposition of illegal residues on crops ? Contamination of water supplies

53. Spray and Vapor Drift

54. Reducing Drift/Volatilization Incorporate chemicals into the soil If very hot, select pesticide with strong sorption and low vapor pressure Irrigation to buffer weather effects

55. Vapor Drift INVISIBLE!! Can predict likelihood for specific pesticides higher vapor pressure numbers (MSDS sheet) higher volatility vapor drift

56. Vapor Drift Control Use larger spray droplets Fine to medium soil Wet soil Use larger spray droplets (function of equipment, easily corrected) Fine to medium soil (local factor, may not be practical to alter coarse soil) Wet soil (might be corrected if due to irrigation) Use larger spray droplets (function of equipment, easily corrected) Fine to medium soil (local factor, may not be practical to alter coarse soil) Wet soil (might be corrected if due to irrigation)

57. Range of spray and vapor drift How far from application site If windy If extreme heat If extreme humidity Other

58. Runoff and Leaching Both affected by irrigation or rainfall amount & timing relative to pesticide application. Avoidable by monitoring weather

59. Weather Monitoring Record weather conditions DURING application Record weather conditions AFTER application

60. Weather Conditions Time 1:30-4:00 pmTime 1:30-4:00 pm

61. GOALS Minimize pesticide in non-target areas Minimize pesticide loss Minimize exposure to operators or bystanders

62. GOALS Minimize pesticide in non-target areas ? Reduce possible injury to wildlife Reduce possible injury to sensitive crops [from contaminated water]

63. GOALS 2. Minimize pesticide loss ? To ? pest control To ? costs

64. GOALS 3. Minimize exposure to operators or bystanders ? Health problems ? ? Liability issues

65. GOALS 4. Minimize damage to beneficial insects ? organic/natural control maintained ? ? Fewer pesticide applications needed

66. Past - 25 Year Old Study �Studies have shown that the equipment and its operation are responsible for 68-90% of the physical drift problems, while weather accounts for 10-32%.� quote from D.B. Smith 1982, Fate of Pesticides in the Environment, in �What Happens to the Pesticides We Apply?�, Commercial Pesticide Applicator Exam Preparation Class, Laura Pottorff, Colorado State University, Adams County

67. Current - Vegetation & Climate Temperature and precipitation Plants are affected Plants can alter these

68. Possible Now �Improved Local Weather Forecasts Weather Forecast Model + Photosynthesis/Transpiration Vegetation Model + Improved soil moisture mapping = Temperature, Humidity and Thunderstorm Predictions Yields 5 to 50% greater accuracy Dev Niyogi, Purdue University, March 2006 (Live Science)

69. Future - Fine-Tuning Effects ofSolar Radiation Effects: physical properties of pesticides biophysical processes of organisms Controlled by: sun�s angle day length cloudiness

70. Weather Monitoring - Local Hand-held Devices ($6 -$700) ? ? ? Sophisticated Computerized Logging Devices ($160 - $1,500)

71. References Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture: The Impacts of Warming and Extreme Weather Events on Productivity, Plant Diseases and Pests, by Cynthia Rosenzweig, et. al, Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment �Climate Predictions: How to Interpret and Use Them,� by Q. Steven Hu and Kevin Hubbard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Noah Diffenbaugh, Purdue University, May 2005, Geophysical Research Letters (Live Science) �Effects of Cold Weather on Horticultural Plants in Indiana,� Larry A. Caplan, Vanderburgh County Horticulture Agent, December 1988 Fate of Pesticides in the Environment, in �What Happens to the Pesticides We Apply?�, Commercial Pesticide Applicator Exam Preparation Class, Laura Pottorff, Colorado State University, Adams County �Instrumentation to Document Environmental Conditions during Pesticide Applications,� by Robert Wolf and Patricia A. Hipkins, Kansas State and Virginia Tech Dev Niyogi, Purdue University, March 2006 (Live Science) �Pesticides and the Environment,� Brad Joern and Becky Lohman, Purdue Pesticide Programs Predicted Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Comparison of Temperate and Tropical Regions, by Cynthia Rosenzweig and Diane Liverman �Predicting the Weather,� United States Search and Rescue Task Force �Thermal Inversions,� MA Dept. of Ag Resources, Pesticide Bureau Technical Information Bulletin, May 2003 Version �What happens to the Pesticides We Apply?�, Commercial Pesticide Applicator Exam Preparation Class, Laura Pottorff, Colorado State University, Adams County Beaufort Wind Scale http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html Brunton A,B,C,D Compass System Instructions EPA �In Case of Pesticide Poisoning� EXTOXNET http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html Kestrel? 3000 Pocket Weather Meter instructions www.nkhome.com NOAA National Climactic Data Center http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html NOAA Calculators http://www.crh.noaa.gov/gid/?n=wxcalc Penn State Core Pesticide Manual Plymouth State University http://vortexplymouth.edu/ Solo? Operator�s Manual and Parts List www.solousa.com TeeJet? �A User�s Guide to Spray Nozzles University of Illinois www2010.atmos.uiuc.edu Radio http://www.findradio.us/displaystate-PA.htm Television http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?stateid=PA Web Site www.weather.com www.accuweather.com Airport http://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/nemap.jsp

72. Credits Grant support for program development from Penn State Pesticide Education Assistance by Michael Wiles Review by Karen Wilkins, Jeanne Dunstane, Katharine Kresge Concept, PowerPoint text, charts, diagrams, photos and design by Linda Wiles, July 31, 2007 Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn State Cooperative Extension is implied. Penn State is committed to affirmative action, equal opportunity, and the diversity of its workforce.

73. Thank You & Enjoy this Summer Evening