The Nation in Hard Times

1. The Dust Bowl: - States from Texas to the Dakotas suffered a severe _____________ - The central __________________________were hit especially hard - Topsoil dried out & winds carried soil away in blinding dust storms - This area became known as the ____________________________ - ___________buried farmhouses, fences, trees over large areas of the plains - Shutters over doors & windows couldn’t keep it out - Cause: _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ - The drought & high winds did the rest • Migrant Workers: • - Hardest hit were poor farmers in Oklahoma & other Great Plains states • - Known as “___________” • - These families packed all belongings in cars/ trucks & headed west • - Became migrant workers: ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________ The Nation in Hard Times • - Once they reached the west coast, they were ____________________ • - ______________feared migrant workers would take away their jobs • - Many were attacked by mobs & sent away • - Those who found jobs were paid ______________ • Women Face the Depression: • - Homemakers had to stretch family budgets to make ends meet • - Women took in ____________to earn extra ________ • - Some took in _______________ to help pay _____________ • - Women realized unemployed husbands needed more nurturing to feel worthwhile • - Working women literally worked __________________ • - To spread jobs around, gov’t refused to hire a woman if her husband had a job • Women in the Workplace: • - # of married women in the workforce increased by ______% • - Educated women took jobs as teachers, secretaries, & social workers • - Other jobs: ________________________________________________ • An Active 1st Lady: • - Eleanor Roosevelt acted as Pres.’s eyes & ears, touring the country • - Visited __________& traveled deep into ____________________ • - Studied the condition of homemakers & lives of every day people • - Used her position to speak out for women’s rights & _____________

2. African Americans: • - Af. Ams were usually the ____________to lose their jobs when the depression hit • - 1934 – blacks were suffering a ________% unemployment rate (more than twice the ________________) • - Denied public works jobs - FDR tried to help Af. Ams by providing jobs for them via the ______________ • - The President invited black leaders to the White House to advise him – these unofficial advisers became known as the _____________________ • - He followed their wishes BUT denied an _______________law – thought he’d lose the support of the southerners in Congress for his New Deal program • - Many black leaders called on Af. Ams to unite/ obtain their civil rights: _________________________________ • - Blacks voted & used those numbers to keep up pressure for __________________________ • Other Americans Face the Depression: • - Fear & insecurity caused by the depression caused violence & discrimination to spread • Mexican Americans • - MA’s worked in many ____________around the country • - Many were __________________ in the West & SW • - They faced _____________________ in education & jobs • - Many Americans wanted Mexicans to be sent back (400,000 sent back to Mexico) • Asian Americans • - Americans resented ___________________________________________workers who competed with them for scarce jobs • - Violence against _________erupted • - The gov’t tried to eliminate __________________by reducing the number of Asians in the U.S. • - 1935 – FDR signed a law that provided free transportation for Filipinos who agreed to return to the Philippines & not return • Native Americans • - ___________– Congress had granted all Nat. Americans citizenship • - Still, most Indians continued to live in ______________________ • - FDR encouraged __________________________________________ Indian New Deal: laws that gave Native American nations greater control over their own affairs • - 1934 Congress passes the Indian Reorganization Act (_____): Protected & expanded the landholdings of Native American _______________________ • - FDR also allowed reservations organize corporations & develop their own _________________________ To provide jobs during the depression, the gov’t set up the Indian Emergency Conservation Work Group: _________________________ _________________________________________________________