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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Blood. Lecture Outline. Blood function & composition Red blood cells Blood types Blood clotting. Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma. Human Blood after centrifugation. ~55% Plasma ~45% Red blood cells <1% White blood cells and platelets (“buffy coat”). Blood plasma.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Blood

  2. Lecture Outline • Blood function & composition • Red blood cells • Blood types • Blood clotting

  3. Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma Human Blood after centrifugation • ~55% Plasma • ~45% Red blood cells • <1% White blood cells and platelets (“buffy coat”)

  4. Blood plasma • Water • Nutrients • Solutes- Na+, Cl-, wastes, CO2, etc. • Contains humoral immune elements • Some innate immunity

  5. All blood cells are part of the hematopoetic stem cell lineage

  6. Hematopoetic stem cells differentiate into all blood cells • Pluripotent- able to become any one of many cell types • Includes T cells, B cells, macrophages, etc.

  7. Red blood cells carry oxygen and CO2 • Lose nucleus in development • Short-lived, no repair • Packed solid with hemoglobin • Membranes designed to maximize surface area • Facilitate gas transfer

  8. Hemoglobin • The oxygen-carrying protein • Heterotetrameric protein • 2 alpha subunits, 2 beta • Each subunit holds a Heme group • Each heme holds an Fe++ ion • Each Fe++ can bind an O2

  9. Hemoglobin binding curve • In areas of High O2 (e.g., lungs)- binds O2 very well (picks up O2) • In areas of Low O2 (e.g., muscles) binds O2 poorly (drops off O2) • Myoglobin binds O2 in muscle & organ tissues

  10. Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia exhibit Mendelian Inheritance • Both are recessive disorders • Both exhibit multiple phenotypic traits for a single gene defect (pleiotropy)

  11. Sickle cell anemia • Genetic inheritance • A point mutation in DNA • Causes malformation of hemoglobin • Oxygen transport inhibited • Pleiotropic

  12. Platelets assist with blood clotting • Recruit plasma protein fibrinogen to a cut • They release clotting factors • Clotting factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin • Fibrin net prevents blood loss

  13. The liquid part of blood is called • A) water.   • B) plasma.   • C) serum.   • D) extrastitial fluid.   • E) anionic fluid.  

  14. The Immune system is the body’s defense system • Against: • Bacteria • Viruses • Protists • Other living invaders • Toxins • Foreign debris • Cancerous cells • The immune system is complex • Defends against threats known and unknown

  15. White blood cells come in a great variety of types

  16. Phagocytic white blood cells devour bacteria

  17. Blood • Blood functions in transportation, protection, and regulation • Blood consists of plasma and formed elements • Blood types are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells • Blood clotting occurs in a regulated sequence of events

  18. Composition of Blood Figure 11.1

  19. Composition of Blood Table 11.1 (1 of 3)

  20. Composition of Blood Table 11.1 (2 of 3)

  21. Composition of Blood Table 11.1 (3 of 3)

  22. Plasma and Formed Elements • Plasma • Makes up about 55% of blood • About 93% water • Remaining 7% consists of dissolved substances including nutrients • Ions, dissolved gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and waste products

  23. Plasma and Formed Elements • Plasma proteins include • Albumins • Needed for the water-balancing properties of plasma • Globulins • Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins • Some are antibodies • Clotting proteins • I.e., fibrinogen

  24. Plasma and Formed Elements • Stem cells give rise to the formed elements • Platelets • White blood cells • Red blood cells • All transported by the plasma

  25. Formed Elements Figure 11.2

  26. Plasma and Formed Elements • Platelets • Sometimes called thrombocytes • Fragments of larger precursor cells called megakaryocytes • Essential to blood clotting

  27. Plasma and Formed Elements Table 11.1 (1 of 3)

  28. White Blood Cells • White blood cells (WBCs) • Also called or leukocytes • Help defend the body against disease • Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and abnormal cells

  29. White Blood Cells Table 11.1 (2 of 3)

  30. White Blood Cells • Nucleated cells that are produced in the red bone marrow • One type, the lymphocyte, can be produced in the lymph nodes and in other lymphoid tissue

  31. White Blood Cells • WBCs have the unique ability to move to the site of infection, inflammation, or tissue damage • Some WBCs are capable of phagocytosis

  32. White Blood Cells Figure 11.3

  33. Red blood cell • Often little contrast under LM • >99% of visible cells under the microscope

  34. Platelets • For blood clotting

  35. White Blood cells come in a wide variety of types • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Eosinophils • Basophils • Macrophages

  36. WBC’s can be categorized according to a few criteria • Function: • Innate immunity vs. • Adaptive immunity • Frequency: • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Eosinophils • Basophils • Cell structures: • Granulocytes • Agranulocytes

  37. Granulocytes • Contain Granules • For innate immunity • Granules contain cellular weaponry and signals • 3 major types: • Eosinophils • Basophils • Neutrophils

  38. Neutrophils • “Neutral-loving” • Most common granulocyte • Lobed nucleus

  39. Eosinophils • “Acid loving”- bind to acidic stain (red)

  40. Basophils • “Base-loving”- bind to basic stain (blue) • Involved in allergic reactions

  41. Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  42. Monocytes • Can respond quickly to infection • Can differentiate into: • Macrophages • Dendritic cells

  43. Lymphocytes • No granules • Smaller cell, larger nucelus • Three major types of lymphocyte: • T cells- 65% • B cells-25% • Adaptive immunity • Natural killer (NK) cells 10% • Innate immunity

  44. White Blood Cells • Five types of white blood cells • Two groups based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm • Granulocytes • Agranulocytes

  45. White Blood Cells: Granulocytes • Granulocytes are classified on their staining ability • Neutrophils do not stain • Basophils stain purple with a basic stain • Eosinophils stain pink with the stain eosin

  46. White Blood Cells: Granulocytes Table 11.1 (2 of 3)

  47. White Blood Cells: Granulocytes • Neutrophils • The most abundant of the WBCs • Engulf microbes by phagocytosis, thus curbing the spread of infection • Pus • Dead neutrophils, along with bacteria and cellular debris • Associated with infection

  48. White Blood Cells: Granulocytes • Eosinophils • Defend against parasitic worms • Lessen the severity of allergies

  49. White Blood Cells: Granulocytes • Basophils • Release histamine • A chemical that attracts other white blood cells • Causes the blood vessels to dilate • Also play a role in some allergic reactions

  50. White Blood Cells: Agranulocytes • Agranulocytes • Lack granules • Monocytes • Lymphocytes

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