1. Triangulation • First used by Campbell and Fiske in 1959. • Denzin in 1989 identified four different types. • Data Triangulation • Investigator triangulation • Theoretical triangulation • Methodological Triangulation • Kimchi, Polivka, and Stevenson (1991) have suggested a fifth type • Multiple Triangulation

2. Data Triangulation • Collection of data from multiple sources • Intent is to obtain diverse views of the same phenomenon. (Longitudinal is different and is looking for change) • Validate data by seeing if it occurs from different sources

3. Investigator Triangulation • Two or more investigators with different research backgrounds examining the same phenomenon • Clarifies disciplinary bias • Adds to validity of data

4. Theoretical Triangulation • Using all the theoretical interpretations that could conceivably be applied to a given area • Each view is critically examined for utility and power • Increased the confidence of the hypothesis • Can lead to even greater T. F. beliefs

5. Methodological Triangulation • The use of two or more research methods in a single study • Design level • Data collection level • Two major types • Within-method (all are one philosophy) • Across-method (across philosophies)

6. Pros and Cons of Triangulation • Very trendy in the 90’s • Can be used with smaller N • Combined methods may just be the rise of a new method • There are philosophical risks • Complex designs and therefore complex analysis