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17 Respiratory System

I. Overview. A. Nasal cavity 1. olfactory epithelium 2. respiratory epitheliumB. Pharynx C. Epiglottis D. LarynxE. TracheaF. BronchiG. Lungs / bronchial tree. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9828.jpg. II. Larynx. A. Mucosa 1. PSCC epithelium with goblet cells (17.2) 2. strat. squamous epith. a. vocal cords.

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17 Respiratory System

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    1. 17 Respiratory System I. Overview II. Larynx III. Trachea IV. Bronchi V. Bronchioles VI. Alveoli

    2. I. Overview A. Nasal cavity 1. olfactory epithelium 2. respiratory epithelium B. Pharynx C. Epiglottis D. Larynx E. Trachea F. Bronchi G. Lungs / bronchial tree

    3. II. Larynx A. Mucosa 1. PSCC epithelium with goblet cells (17.2) 2. strat. squamous epith. a. vocal cords

    4. II. Larynx Respiratory epithelium (PSCC) TEM 17-3, SEM 17-4

    5. II. Larynx A. Mucosa 3. lamina propria (17.6) a. seromucous glands b. laryngeal cartilages 1) hyaline & elastic 2) perichondrium c. laryngeal musculature 1) skeletal muscle

    6. III. Trachea General organization Atlas 12-3 Mucosa lamina propria seromucous glands C-shaped cartilage ring Trachealis muscle Adventitia

    7. III. Trachea A. Mucosa 1. PSCC epithelium (17.6)

    8. III. Trachea A. Mucosa 2. lamina propria (17.6) a. seromucous glands b. tracheal rings 1) hyaline cartilage 2) perichondrium c. trachealis muscle 1) smooth muscle

    9. IV. Bronchi A. Mucosa 1. similar to trachea (17.7,17.8) 2. lamina propria a. seromucous glands b. layer of smooth muscle c. cartilaginous plates

    10. IV. Bronchi LM of smooth muscle in lamina propria 17-9 LM of MALT 17-10

    11. V. Bronchial tree *Trachea (17.1) Primary bronchi Secondary (lobar) bronchi Tertiary bronchi *Bronchioles .. *Terminal bronchioles *Respiratory bronchioles *Alveolar duct *Alveolar sac *Alveoli (*=lab)

    12. V. Bronchial tree A. Bronchioles (17.7) 1. PSCC - simple col./cub. cil. epith. a. few goblet cells 2. no cartilage 3. no glands 4. lamina propria a. smooth muscle b. elastic fibers

    13. V. Bronchial tree B. Terminal/respiratory bronchioles (17.14) 1. simple col./cub. cil. epith. 2. smooth muscle fibers

    14. V. Bronchial tree Terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct 17-18

    15. V. Bronchial tree Terminal bronchiole 17-13

    16. V. Bronchial tree C. Respiratory bronchioles / alveolar duct (17.16) 1. walls interrupted by alveoli

    17. VI. Alveoli A. Alveolar ducts (17.16) B. Atria / Alveolar sacs

    18. VI. Alveoli C. ~ 200 mm diameter, ~300 million, 140 m2 surf. area (17.11), may be collapsed in some specimens D. Simple squamous epithelium E. Interalveolar septum 1. capillaries 2. fibroblasts 3. elastic & reticular fibers 4. macrophages (dust cells)

    19. VI. Alveoli F. Blood-air barrier 1. epithelial cell (17.20,17.21) 2. fused basal laminae 3. endothelial cell 4. thickness~0.1 to 1.5 mm

    20. VI. Alveoli G. Capillary endothelial cells (17.21,17.22) 1. continuous capillary 2. flattened endothelial cells

    21. VI. Alveoli H. Type I (squamous alveolar) cells 1. 97% of alveolar surface (17.21,17.24) 2. tight jxns

    22. VI. Alveoli I. Type II (great alveolar/septal) cells 1. cuboidal (17.22,17.26) 2. foamy cytoplasm 3. secretion forms pulmonary surfactant 4. lowers surface tension 5. keeps alveoli from collapsing

    23. VI. Alveoli J. Dust cells (17.23) 1. macrophages developed from monocytes 2. location a. interalveolar septum b. alveolar surface

    24. Smokers Lungs A smoker's lung is black because of the deposits of bi-products from cigarettes. Bi-products such as tar and carbon are deposited into the lung tissue, affecting its ability to function properly. Macrophages in the lung digest the bi-products and prevent them from depositing into the lung tissue. Inclusions can be seen in the macrophage if there is too much bi-product to digest.

    25. Emphysema Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli).There is progressive destruction of alveoli and the surrounding tissue that supports the alveoli. With more advanced disease, large air cysts develop where normal lung tissue used to be. Air is trapped in the lungs due to lack of supportive tissue which decreases oxygenation.

    26. Emphysema

    27. Emphysema Emphysema Normal lung

    28. COPD What is COPD? COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary (lung) disease. COPD is a general term used for several lung diseases. The most common diseases in this group are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic asthma may also be included in this group. While some patients with COPD have only chronic bronchitis or emphysema, most patients have a combination of both. COPD worsens gradually, causing limited airflow in and out of the lungs. Emphysema Emphysema is the destruction, or breakdown, of the walls of the alveoli (air sacs) located at the end of the bronchial tubes. The damaged alveoli are not able to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. The bronchioles lose their elasticity and collapse when you exhale, trapping air in the lungs. The trapped air keeps fresh air and oxygen from entering the lungs. What causes COPD? The two primary causes of COPD are cigarette smoking and alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Air pollution and occupational dusts may also contribute to COPD, especially when the person exposed to these substances is a cigarette smoker. Cigarette smoke causes COPD by irritating the airways and creating inflammation that narrows the airways, making it more difficult to breathe. Cigarette smoke also causes the cilia to stop working properly so mucus and trapped particles are not cleaned from the airways. As a result, chronic cough and excess mucus production develop, leading to chronic bronchitis

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